{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T02:32:34Z","timestamp":1777429954622,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,11]],"date-time":"2012-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1334102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asia Pac J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite extensive distribution of free condoms and lubricants to prevent HIV transmission among men having sex with men (MSM) in Nepal, the prevalence of HIV and risky sexual behaviors remain high. The influence of individual-level, social-capital, and social-structural factors on HIV risk has been insufficiently explored in MSM. The authors assessed association of these factors with HIV risk among 150 MSM enrolled using snowball sampling in the Kathmandu Valley. HIV risk was calculated on the basis of number and type of sexual partners and condom use during anal sex. Multivariate analysis showed a high risk of HIV infection was significantly associated with being involved in sex work, having no knowledge of male sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptoms, and having a history of STI symptoms. HIV prevention could be made more effective by targeting MSM who are involved in sex work and by improving their knowledge of male STI symptoms and early diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539512441491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,12]],"date-time":"2012-04-12T20:27:12Z","timestamp":1334262432000},"page":"126-137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk of HIV Infection Among Men Having Sex With Men in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Keshab","family":"Deuba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nobel College, Pokhara University, Nepal"},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepak Kumar","family":"Karki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for AIDS and STD Control, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachana","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nobel College, Pokhara University, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umesh Raj","family":"Aryal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu University, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laxmi","family":"Bhatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nobel College, Pokhara University, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishna Kumar","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for AIDS and STD Control, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1010539512441491","unstructured":"UNAIDS. HIV and sex between men: policy brief. http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/pub\/BriefingNote\/2006\/20060801_policy_brief_msm_en.pdf. Accessed March 10, 2011."},{"key":"bibr2-1010539512441491","unstructured":"amfAR AIDS Research. MSM and HIV\/AIDS risk in Asia: what is fueling the epidemic among MSM and how can it be stopped? http:\/\/www.amfar.org\/uploadedFiles\/In_the_Community\/Publications\/MSM%20and%20HIV%20AIDS%20Risk%20in%20Asia.pdf. Accessed March 10, 2011."},{"key":"bibr3-1010539512441491","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539509346979"},{"key":"bibr4-1010539512441491","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Men Who Have Sex With Men: The Missing Piece in National Response to AIDS in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok, Thailand: UNAIDS; 2007. http:\/\/www.wisdomofwhores.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/MSM-the-missing-piece-Aug-2007.pdf. 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