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MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus databases were used to search for relevant articles. Indonesian gray literature was searched for leptospirosis risk factor studies in Indonesia. A total of 34 articles were included in this review. The contrast between peer-reviewed publications and Indonesian gray literature revealed that the variety of risk factors associated with leptospirosis infection is region or area specific. The presence of skin wounds, the existence of rodents, especially rats, and activities related to contact with contaminated surface water are factors frequently reported to have significant association with leptospirosis infection in human in Indonesia and in other Asia-Pacific countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539513498768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,4]],"date-time":"2013-10-04T22:34:28Z","timestamp":1380926068000},"page":"15-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Risk Factors for Leptospirosis Infection in Humans and Implications for Public Health Intervention in Indonesia and the Asia-Pacific Region"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Mateus","family":"Sakundarno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia"},{"name":"Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Bertolatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Maycock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery","family":"Spickett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satvinder","family":"Dhaliwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1010539513498768","volume-title":"Report of the First Meeting of the Leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Group","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr2-1010539513498768","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012"},{"key":"bibr3-1010539513498768","volume-title":"Leptospira and Leptospirosis","author":"Faine S","year":"2000","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr4-1010539513498768","volume-title":"Human Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr5-1010539513498768","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.09.011"},{"key":"bibr6-1010539513498768","volume-title":"Report of the Second Meeting of the Leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Group","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr7-1010539513498768","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-147"},{"key":"bibr8-1010539513498768","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.07.002"},{"key":"bibr9-1010539513498768","volume-title":"A Dictionary of Epidemiology","author":"Porta M","year":"2008","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr10-1010539513498768","first-page":"13","volume-title":"World Health Organization","volume":"2007","author":"Sugunan AP"},{"key":"bibr11-1010539513498768","first-page":"443","volume":"51","author":"Van Thiel PH","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belges Med Trop Parasitol Mycol"},{"key":"bibr12-1010539513498768","first-page":"423","volume":"22","author":"Smit AM","year":"1970","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"bibr13-1010539513498768","volume-title":"Indonesian Health Profiles 2010","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr14-1010539513498768","volume-title":"Indonesian Health Data Profiles 2011","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr15-1010539513498768","first-page":"306","volume":"43","author":"Anies","year":"2009","journal-title":"M Med Indones"},{"key":"bibr16-1010539513498768","first-page":"193","volume":"18","author":"Ristiyanto Handayani FD","year":"2008","journal-title":"Media Litbang Kesehatan"},{"key":"bibr17-1010539513498768","unstructured":"Priyanto A. 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