{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T02:36:04Z","timestamp":1777430164633,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asia Pac J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of hearing loss in the Philippines using a nationally representative sample. A cross-sectional national survey was undertaken utilizing a 3-stage stratified cluster design. Participants in the present study comprised 2275 adults and children with pure tone hearing assessment results. Prevalence of moderate or worse hearing loss, defined as 4FA \u226541 dBHL, was 7.5% in children &lt;18 years, 14.7% in adults between 18 and 65 years, and 49.1% in adults &gt;65 years. Factors associated with greater risk of moderate hearing loss in the better ear were presence of a middle ear condition (adjusted odds ratio = 2.39, 95% confidence interval = 1.49-3.85) and socioeconomic status (household income; adjusted odds ratio = 1.64, 95% confidence interval = 1.23-2.19). Age was also associated with increased risk, with adjusted odds ratios varying with age category. Prevalence of wax occlusion and outer and middle ear disease was 12.2% and 14.2%, respectively. Prevalence of hearing loss, outer, and middle ear disease appear comparatively high in the Philippines when compared with rates reported in high-income countries. Higher proportions of severe to profound hearing loss were also identified, indicating that there is both an increased prevalence and severity of hearing loss in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539520937086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T06:54:35Z","timestamp":1593586475000},"page":"235-241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A National Survey of Hearing Loss in the Philippines"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7159-9677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John P.","family":"Newall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norberto","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"De Wet","family":"Swanepoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1010539520937086","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Audiology in Developing Countries","author":"Smith A","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr2-1010539520937086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181c0eaec"},{"key":"bibr3-1010539520937086","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO global estimates on prevalence of hearing loss. Accessed April 6, 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/deafness\/Global-estimates-on-prevalence-of-hearing-loss-Jul2018.pptx?ua=1"},{"key":"bibr4-1010539520937086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00206090009073075"},{"key":"bibr5-1010539520937086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009713"},{"key":"bibr6-1010539520937086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.597"},{"key":"bibr7-1010539520937086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/18.4.911"},{"key":"bibr8-1010539520937086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.14.1522"},{"key":"bibr9-1010539520937086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr176"},{"key":"bibr10-1010539520937086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020902803120"},{"key":"bibr11-1010539520937086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000611"},{"key":"bibr12-1010539520937086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00206090009073080"},{"key":"bibr13-1010539520937086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/1651386X.2011.631285"},{"key":"bibr14-1010539520937086","unstructured":"Gerson PR. Poverty, income distribution, and economic policy in the Philippines. Accessed April 6, 2020. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WP\/Issues\/2016\/12\/30\/Poverty-Income-Distribution-and-Economic-Policy-in-the-Philippines-2515"},{"key":"bibr15-1010539520937086","unstructured":"Balisacan AM, Fuwa N. Changes in spatial income inequality in the Philippines: an exploratory analysis. https:\/\/www.wider.unu.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/rp2004-034.pdf Accessed June 9, 2020."},{"key":"bibr16-1010539520937086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71146-6"},{"key":"bibr17-1010539520937086","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr18-1010539520937086","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Grades of hearing impairment. http:\/\/www.who.int\/pbd\/deafness\/hearing_impairment_grades\/en\/ Accessed April 6, 2020."},{"key":"bibr19-1010539520937086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992020309074639"},{"key":"bibr20-1010539520937086","unstructured":"Philippines Statistics Authority. Poverty incidence among Filipinos registered at 24.9%, as of first semester of 2013: PSA. https:\/\/psa.gov.ph\/content\/poverty-incidence-among-filipinos-registered-249-first-semester-2013-psa Accessed April 6, 2020."},{"key":"bibr21-1010539520937086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hch082"},{"key":"bibr22-1010539520937086","unstructured":"World Health Organization. State of hearing and ear care in the South East Asia Region: WHO Regional Office for South East Asia; 2009. http:\/\/apps.searo.who.int\/PDS_DOCS\/B1466.pdf. 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