{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T02:40:16Z","timestamp":1777430416324,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"ministry of health, new zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["327774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["327774"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"ministry of health, new zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["349775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["349775"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asia Pac J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pacific youth in New Zealand have a disproportionately high risk for gambling and gang involvement compared with New Zealand European youth. Limited evidence indicates that youth gang involvement is associated with problem gambling; no research shows if it is associated with gambling. We conducted exploratory secondary analyses of data from 1063 Pacific youth and their mothers using data from two time points (age nine and 14 years) from a longitudinal cohort study. Gang involvement at age nine years was significantly associated with gambling at age 14 years, with adjusted odds of 2.25 (95% CI [1.16, 4.37]). Of confounders, having a mother with a partner and Cook Islands ethnicity appeared protective against gambling at age 14 years. Despite some study limitations, as youth gambling can lead to subsequent adult problem gambling, our findings highlight the importance of understanding why Pacific youth join gangs, to inform public health policies to reduce the potential for future development of harmful behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10105395211041183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T00:40:30Z","timestamp":1629506430000},"page":"72-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pre-Teen Gang Involvement Is Associated With Teenage Gambling Behavior: Exploratory Findings From a Longitudinal Cohort Study of Pacific Youth in New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4675-9704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria E.","family":"Bellringer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Iusitini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10105395211041183","unstructured":"Pasefika Proud. The profile of Pacific peoples in New Zealand. Accessed August 9, 2021. https:\/\/www.pasefikaproud.co.nz\/assets\/Resources-for-download\/PasefikaProudResource-Pacific-peoples-paper.pdf"},{"key":"bibr2-10105395211041183","unstructured":"Statistics New Zealand. New Zealand\u2019s population reflects growing diversity. Accessed August 9, 2021. https:\/\/www.stats.govt.nz\/news\/new-zealands-population-reflects-growing-diversity"},{"key":"bibr3-10105395211041183","unstructured":"New Zealand Legislation. Gambling Act 2003. Accessed August 9, 2021. https:\/\/www.legislation.govt.nz\/act\/public\/2003\/0051\/latest\/DLM207497.html"},{"key":"bibr4-10105395211041183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-015-9562-1"},{"key":"bibr5-10105395211041183","unstructured":"Thimasarn-Anwar T, Squire H, Trowland H, Martin G. Gambling report\u2014results from the 2016 Health and Lifestyles Survey. Accessed August 9, 2021. https:\/\/www.hpa.org.nz\/sites\/default\/files\/Final-Report_Results-from-2016-Health-And-Lifestyles-Survey_Gambling-Feb2018.pdf"},{"key":"bibr6-10105395211041183","unstructured":"The University of Auckland. Youth2000 Survey Series. The health and wellbeing of New Zealand secondary school students in 2012: Youth\u201912 prevalence tables. Accessed August 9, 2021. https:\/\/www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz\/assets\/fmhs\/faculty\/ahrg\/docs\/Prevalence%20report.pdf"},{"key":"bibr7-10105395211041183","unstructured":"Mila-Schaaf K, Robinson E, Schaaf D, Denny S, Watson PD. A health profile of Pacific youth: Findings of Youth2000. A national secondary school youth health survey. Accessed August 9, 2021. https:\/\/www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz\/assets\/fmhs\/faculty\/ahrg\/docs\/2001-pacific-report-oct08.pdf"},{"key":"bibr8-10105395211041183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-014-9483-0"},{"key":"bibr9-10105395211041183","unstructured":"Abbott MW, Volberg RA. Taking the pulse on gambling and problem gambling in New Zealand: a report on phase one of the 1999 National Prevalence Survey\u2014report number three of the New Zealand Gaming Survey. Accessed August 9, 2021. http:\/\/www.dia.govt.nz\/pubforms.nsf\/URL\/TakingthePulse.pdf\/$file\/TakingthePulse.pdf"},{"key":"bibr10-10105395211041183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012216305671"},{"key":"bibr11-10105395211041183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.16.1.3"},{"key":"bibr12-10105395211041183","unstructured":"Abbott M, Bellringer M, Garrett N, Mundy-McPherson S. New Zealand 2012 National Gambling Study: gambling harm and problem gambling. 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