{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:14:33Z","timestamp":1777929273228,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82104896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82104896"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Muscle injury and concomitant bone injury are important drivers to induce heterotopic ossification (HO). However, the related roles of muscle and concomitant bone injury in HO formation are still unclear. This study aims to develop a mouse model through the combination of hindlimb amputation (Am) and cardiotoxin (CTX) injection to investigate the mechanism of HO formation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mice were randomly divided into Am group (Am of right hindlimb, n = 12), CTX group (CTX injection in the calf muscle of left hindlimb, n = 12) and Am + CTX group (the combination of Am of right hindlimb and CTX injection of left hindlimb, n = 18). MicroCT was used to evaluate the incidence of HO. Histology was used to investigate the progression of HO.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MicroCT showed that only Am or CTX injection failed to induce HO while the combination of Am and CTX injection successfully induced HO. The incidence of HO was significant in Am + CTX group on day 7 (0% vs 0% vs 83.3%, p = 0.001) and day 14 (0% vs 0% vs 83.3%, p = 0.048). HO was located on the left hindlimb where CTX was injected. Moreover, the bone volume and bone density on day 14 were higher than those on day 7 in Am + CTX group. Histology revealed the evidence of calcification and expression of osteogenic markers in calcification sites in Am + CTX group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, the combination of Am and CTX injection could successfully induce dystrophic calcification\/HO, which occurs in the location of muscle injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10225536231163466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T12:11:29Z","timestamp":1679400689000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The development of a mouse model to investigate the formation of heterotopic ossification"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Guorui","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Knee Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China"},{"name":"Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"La","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1136-8444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuxing","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rocky Sung Chi","family":"Tuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for 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