{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T01:26:34Z","timestamp":1785806794804,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Australas Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aimed to identify current pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment employed in emergency departments (EDs) for the management of patients presenting with illicit drug-related presentations (IDP) and compare current treatments with recommendations provided in guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review consists of English peer-reviewed journal articles and grey literature published in electronic databases: Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase Classic+Embase, Ovid Emcare and APA PsycInfo between 2015 and 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve studies were identified from the search, with agitation and aggression being the most common presentations, and cannabis being the most prevalent illicit drug. Ventilatory support and restraints were the most reported non-pharmacological interventions while benzodiazepines and antipsychotics were the most commonly prescribed pharmacological agents. Non-coercive de-escalation strategies were recommended in all guidelines, with verbal de-escalation being the initial approach before other interventions, such as medications and restraints. However, de-escalation strategies were not reported in any studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacological interventions for patients with IDP and related symptoms were in accordance with guidelines. Use of restraints was identified in included studies with notable lack of reporting of de-escalation strategies which may have been deemed insignificant and not reported. Future research could investigate the appropriateness of restrictive interventions as well as the employment of non-restrictive de-escalation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10398562231191671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T06:15:51Z","timestamp":1691388951000},"page":"625-634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Guidelines and treatment for illicit drug related presentations in emergency departments: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ruby Tszwai","family":"Au","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Hotham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5496-935X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijayaprakash","family":"Suppiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10398562231191671","volume-title":"Alcohol and other drug use in regional and remote Australia: consumption, harms and access to treatment 2016\u201317","author":"Australian Institute of Health Welfare","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr2-10398562231191671","unstructured":"Department of Health. Drug laws in Australia: Australian government. Available at: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/health-topics\/drugs\/about-drugs\/drug-laws-in-australia (2019, accessed 18 January 2023)."},{"key":"bibr3-10398562231191671","volume-title":"National drug strategy household survey 2019","author":"Australian Institute of Health Welfare","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr4-10398562231191671","volume-title":"Australian drug trends 2019: key findings from the ecstasy and related drugs reporting system (EDRS) interviews","author":"Peacock A","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr5-10398562231191671","volume-title":"Australian drug trends 2019: key findings from the national illicit drug reporting system (IDRS) interviews","author":"Peacock A","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr6-10398562231191671","volume-title":"National wastewater drug monitoring program\u2014ninth report","author":"Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr7-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.283"},{"key":"bibr8-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2005.01516.x"},{"key":"bibr9-10398562231191671","volume-title":"National drug strategy household survey 2016: detailed findings","author":"Australian Institute of Health Welfare","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr10-10398562231191671","volume-title":"Alcohol, tobacco & other drugs in Australia","author":"Australian Institute of Health Welfare","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr11-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61138-0"},{"key":"bibr12-10398562231191671","volume-title":"The winnable war on drugs: the impact of illicit drug use on families","author":"Standing Committee on Family and Human Services","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr13-10398562231191671","unstructured":"SANE Australia. Psychosis Victoria: SANE Australia. Available at: https:\/\/www.sane.org\/information-stories\/facts-and-guides\/psychosis (2017, accessed 18 January 2023)."},{"key":"bibr14-10398562231191671","volume-title":"Drug-related hospital emergency presentations in Europe: update from the Euro-DEN Plus expert network","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr15-10398562231191671","volume-title":"Select committee into alternate approaches to reducing illicit drug use and its effects on the community","author":"Parliament of Western Australia","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr16-10398562231191671","unstructured":"eTG complete. Behavioural emergencies melbourne: therapeutic guidelines limited. Available at: https:\/\/tgldcdp.tg.org.au\/viewTopic?topicfile=behavioural-emergencies (2021, accessed 18 January 2023)."},{"key":"bibr17-10398562231191671","volume-title":"Pre-hospital guideline: illicit substance-induced aggression and behavioural disturbance","author":"NSW Government","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr18-10398562231191671","volume-title":"Caring for people displaying acute behavioural disturbance","author":"Safer Care Victoria","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr19-10398562231191671","volume-title":"Violence and aggression: short-term management in mental health, health and community settings","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr20-10398562231191671","volume-title":"Guidelines for the management of excited delirium\/acute behavioural disturbance (ABD)","author":"Gillings M","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr21-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00131746-200511001-00005","volume":"11","author":"Allen M","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"key":"bibr22-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.9.6867"},{"key":"bibr23-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.9.6868"},{"key":"bibr24-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.9.6866"},{"key":"bibr25-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.9.6864"},{"key":"bibr26-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29450-2_10"},{"key":"bibr27-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856219848836"},{"key":"bibr28-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.009"},{"key":"bibr29-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856218810155"},{"key":"bibr30-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15557\/PiPK.2018.0018"},{"key":"bibr31-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000571"},{"key":"bibr32-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-016-1031-3"},{"key":"bibr33-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000153"},{"key":"bibr34-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.05.030"},{"key":"bibr35-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-014-0460-x"},{"key":"bibr36-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-016-0068-7"},{"key":"bibr37-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2015.3.25284"},{"key":"bibr38-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2020.06.003"},{"key":"bibr39-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.054"},{"key":"bibr40-10398562231191671","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.09.014"},{"key":"bibr41-10398562231191671","first-page":"e30429","volume":"14","author":"Redona PT","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Australasian Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10398562231191671","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10398562231191671","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10398562231191671","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:52:13Z","timestamp":1777377133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10398562231191671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10398562231191671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10398562231191671","relation":{},"ISSN":["1039-8562","1440-1665"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1039-8562","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1665","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]}}}