{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:03:41Z","timestamp":1789653821357,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Australas Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Birth during the 3\u00a0month period ending in August has been associated with increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), especially in regions where the school year starts in September. Nevertheless, few studies have either examined these factors in Japan, where the academic year starts in April, or investigated the role of weather conditions at birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled 317 healthy adults from a population of medical students. Participants completed the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS) and the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). From local meteorological records, meteorological data corresponding to each participant\u2019s birth month and birth year, such as temperature, sunshine hours, vapor pressure, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, and snowfall were obtained.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No significant difference in CAARS or AQ scores was found between participants born during June\u2013August versus other months, or between those born during January\u2013March versus other months. Multiple regression analysis revealed higher rainfall at birth as associated with elevated scores on the CAARS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings of this study suggest that high rainfall at birth is associated with elevated scores of ADHD symptoms in healthy participants. To clarify the underlying mechanisms, further research with larger, more samples is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10398562261431157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T03:51:06Z","timestamp":1772509866000},"page":"372-378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High rainfall at birth is associated with raised inattention scores on the Conners adult ADHD rating scale among healthy participants in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Noto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9118-0363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshinori","family":"Shirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4743-5963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuke","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Muraosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konoka","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohei","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiki","family":"Obata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaku","family":"Aboshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nihonkai General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihito","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)33004-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-020-00342-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13313"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.3194"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014606"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2008.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005653411471"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","volume-title":"Conners' adult ADHD rating scales (CAARS)-Technical manual","author":"Conners CK","year":"1999","unstructured":"Conners CK, Erhardt D, Spaarrow E. 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