{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:05:05Z","timestamp":1784610305566,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Australas Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper considers early colonial Australian incarceration as a diffuse carceral system encompassing gaols, private dwellings and sites of labour rather than discrete institutional forms. Drawing on existing records and historiography, this paper examines the nature of incarceration practices in early colonial Australia prior to the advent of the asylum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Confinement operated across multiple sites, including gaols, assigned labour settings and private households, where authority was exercised through overlapping legal, medical and domestic arrangements. These were not discrete institutional responses but part of a loosely coordinated system in which surveillance and discipline were embedded in everyday colonial life. This analysis highlights how practices of punishment and care developed in tandem, circulating across sites rather than emerging solely within formal institutions. In doing so, it situates early incarceration within broader dynamics of colonial governance and social regulation.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>This analysis contributes to psychiatric history by illustrating how early Australian asylums emerged from institutions with penal practices, confirming care narratives and underscoring the enduring entanglement of care and control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10398562261458882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T03:52:43Z","timestamp":1781581963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["History, diffuse carcerality and the management of mental illness in colonial Australia"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0662-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phil","family":"Maude","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Violet Vines Marshman Centre for Rural Health Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","volume-title":"Medicine and madness: a social history of insanity in New South Wales 1880\u20131940","author":"Garton S","year":"1988","unstructured":"Garton S. 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Hist Psychiatr 2020; 31: 301\u2013315.","journal-title":"Hist Psychiatr"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Colonial psychiatry and empire","volume":"58","author":"Ernst W","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ernst W. Colonial psychiatry and empire. Transcult Psychiatry 2021; 58: 3\u201316.","journal-title":"Transcult Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","article-title":"Her Majesty\u2019s Collingwood stockade: a snapshot of gold rush Victoria","volume":"6","author":"Barett P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barett P. Her Majesty\u2019s Collingwood stockade: a snapshot of gold rush Victoria. Provenance: Provenance Victoria. 2007; 6. https:\/\/prov.vic.gov.au\/explore-collection\/provenance-journal\/provenance-2007\/her-majestys-collingwood-stockade.","journal-title":"Provenance: Provenance Victoria"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","first-page":"45","article-title":"Lunatic patients and the colonial state","volume":"10","author":"Smith L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith L. 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