{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:26:26Z","timestamp":1793503586273,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Australas Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite sustained investments in conventional approaches, population-level suicide rates have not improved meaningfully in Australia. Suicide\u2019s multifactorial origins \u2013 spanning mental illness, social isolation, economic hardship, housing, and cultural factors \u2013 resist the linear, clinically focused models that currently dominate prevention practices. This paper argues that the determinants of the act of suicide work as a Complex Adaptive System (CAS) and require a fundamental reorientation towards systems thinking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The defining properties of a CAS \u2013 feedback, delay, adaptation, and emergence \u2013 help explain the poor predictive value of risk categorisation and persistent repeat crises despite good care. Practical systems tools, including causal loop diagrams, social network analysis, and soft systems methodology, can complement clinical care. Australia\u2019s National Suicide Prevention Strategy 2025\u20132035 provides an opportunity to test this.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10398562261486320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:14:52Z","timestamp":1788930892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Suicide as a wicked problem: The case for a systems approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7923-8887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayantanava","family":"Mitra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5554-2216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seshadri Sekhar","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland"},{"name":"Queensland Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4451-2230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjana Rao","family":"Kavoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"Tackling wicked problems: a public policy perspective","author":"Australian Public Service Commission","year":"2007","unstructured":"Australian Public Service Commission. Tackling wicked problems: a public policy perspective. Canberra: APSC, 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","volume-title":"System failure: why governments must learn to think differently","author":"Chapman J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chapman J. System failure: why governments must learn to think differently. 2nd ed. London: Demos, 2004.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","volume-title":"Systems concepts in action: a practitioner\u2019s toolkit","author":"Williams B","year":"2011","unstructured":"Williams B, Hummelbrunner R. Systems concepts in action: a practitioner\u2019s toolkit. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","volume-title":"Suicide worldwide in 2021: global health estimates","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Suicide worldwide in 2021: global health estimates. Geneva: WHO, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","volume-title":"Causes of death, Australia","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2024","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. Causes of death, Australia. Canberra: ABS, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867419838053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000558"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856220984032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10398562211032233"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40596-015-0434-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00149-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867420971698"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","first-page":"175797592514109","article-title":"Should we expect the same mental health promotion campaigns to work in all settings? An argumentative review","author":"Mitra S","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mitra S, Chatterjee SS. Should we expect the same mental health promotion campaigns to work in all settings? An argumentative review. Glob Health Promot. 2026; OnlineFirst: 17579759251410924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17579759251410924","journal-title":"Glob Health Promot"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7313.625"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.70080"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","volume-title":"National suicide prevention strategy 2025\u20132035","author":"National Suicide Prevention Office","year":"2025","unstructured":"National Suicide Prevention Office. National suicide prevention strategy 2025\u20132035. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01935-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/63195"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","article-title":"Guidelines for drawing causal loop diagrams","author":"Kim DH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim DH. Guidelines for drawing causal loop diagrams. 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