{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T12:40:45Z","timestamp":1792327245455,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Australas Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In forensic psychiatry, malingering poses unique diagnostic and ethical challenges. Individuals may feign mental illness to avoid criminal liability or gain legal advantage, placing a burden on clinicians to distinguish the genuine psychopathology from simulation. To describe the presentation, evaluation process, and diagnostic dilemmas in seven medico-legal cases suspected of malingering, referred to a tertiary neuropsychiatric institute in India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted of seven adult male cases referred from court or law enforcement agencies for mental status examination or fitness. Comprehensive assessments were performed by a multidisciplinary team comprising psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, psychiatric social workers, and occupational therapists. Observational data during inpatient stay and psychological testing outcomes were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All patients had inconsistent symptom reports and ward observation. None fulfilled the criteria for a syndromal psychiatric diagnosis. Psychological testing in several cases revealed over-reporting or intact cognitive functioning inconsistent with the clinical picture. Discrepancies between claimed and observed behaviors, improvement without pharmacological treatment, and selective cooperation were noted as red flags.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In-depth inpatient observation and multidisciplinary evaluation are crucial for identifying cases of malingering. Strengthening forensic psychiatry training and implementing systematic documentation can enhance diagnostic accuracy and support the legal system in discerning feigned illnesses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10398562261493830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T09:19:52Z","timestamp":1792142392000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feigned psychiatric symptoms in forensic settings: Diagnostic challenges and lessons from a case series"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3195-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seshan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Veerangana Avanti Bai Lodhi Autonomous State Medical College, Etah, India"},{"name":"Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparna","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Veerangana Avanti Bai Lodhi Autonomous State Medical College, Etah, India"},{"name":"Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2035-8504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shipra","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Veerangana Avanti Bai Lodhi Autonomous State Medical College, Etah, India"},{"name":"Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratibha","family":"Gehlawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Veerangana Avanti Bai Lodhi Autonomous State Medical College, Etah, India"},{"name":"Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Veerangana Avanti Bai Lodhi Autonomous State Medical College, Etah, India"},{"name":"Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","volume-title":"Psychological evaluations for the courts","author":"Melton GB","year":"2007","unstructured":"Melton GB, Petrila J, Poythress NG, et al. Psychological evaluations for the courts. 3rd ed. Guilford Press, 2007.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1320636"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of rates of malingering in a forensic psychiatry practice","volume":"53","author":"Svete LJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Svete LJ, Tindell WW, McLouth CJ, et al. Retrospective analysis of rates of malingering in a forensic psychiatry practice. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2025; 53: 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29158\/JAAPL.240083-24","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_373_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198854944.001.0001"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","first-page":"965","article-title":"Symptom validity testing: past, present, and future","volume":"35","author":"Boskovic I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boskovic I, Merckelbach H. Symptom validity testing: past, present, and future. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 35(5): 965\u2013982.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","volume-title":"Clinical assessment of malingering and deception","author":"Rogers R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rogers R, Bender SD. Clinical assessment of malingering and deception. 4th ed. Guilford Press, 2018.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sci5030027"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Multidimensional malingering criteria for neuropsychological assessment: a 20-year update of the malingered neuropsychological dysfunction criteria","volume":"34","author":"Slick DJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Slick DJ, Sherman EMS, Iverson GL. Multidimensional malingering criteria for neuropsychological assessment: a 20-year update of the malingered neuropsychological dysfunction criteria. Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 34(6): 1053\u20131072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1731292","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","first-page":"e27","article-title":"Cognitive malingering","volume":"63","author":"Dandachi-FitzGerald B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dandachi-FitzGerald B, Ponds RWHM, Peters MJV. Cognitive malingering. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63(1): e27.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.113.494.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","volume-title":"The Oxford textbook of psychopathology","author":"Feldman MD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feldman MD, Angotti G, Fernandes RL. Medical deception and malingering. In: Widiger TA (ed). The Oxford textbook of psychopathology. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2023.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040903155063"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","first-page":"233","article-title":"A theory of ethics for forensic psychiatry","volume":"25","author":"Appelbaum PS","year":"1997","unstructured":"Appelbaum PS. A theory of ethics for forensic psychiatry. 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