{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:39:16Z","timestamp":1790419156947,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]],"date-time":"2000-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":967766400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Twenty-two lactating Holstein cattle in Tennessee had clinical signs of intoxication with preformed Clostridium botulinum toxin. These signs included weakness, paralysis of the tongue and chest muscles, abdominal breathing, and, in 11 of the 22 cows, death. Differential diagnoses included hypocalcemia, hypo-magnesemia, carbohydrate overload, and several toxicoses including mycotoxin, lead, nitrate, organophosphate, atropine or atropine-like alkaloid, and botulism. A diagnosis of botulism by the ingestion of preformed C. botulinum type B toxin was made by eliminating these other diseases, by finding C. botulinum type B spores in 3 bales of round bale barley haylage fed to these cattle, and by isolating preformed type B toxin from 1 of the 3 bales. Confirmation of the toxin type was made by demonstrating mouse lethality by intraperitoneal injection of specimen extracts with neutralization by C. botulinum type B antitoxin. The haylage, harvested green and encased in black plastic bags to facilitate fermentation, was presumably contaminated by the botu-linum toxin when fermentation failed to produce enough acid to lower the pH to 4.5, the pH below which C. botulinum growth is inhibited. Farmers and ranchers who use round hay balers to produce haylage should be alert to this potential problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,12]],"date-time":"2011-05-12T16:20:37Z","timestamp":1305217237000},"page":"453-455","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Fatal\n                    <i>Clostridium Botulinum<\/i>\n                    Toxicosis in Eleven Holstein Cattle Fed Round Bale Barley Haylage"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"William J.","family":"Kelch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37901-1071"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry A.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37901-1071"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John K.","family":"Pringle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barton W.","family":"Rohrbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37901-1071"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Whitlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 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