{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:31:23Z","timestamp":1777930283128,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]],"date-time":"2003-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1067644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Because of the difficulty in identifying botulinum toxin in cattle, it is hypothesized that cattle are sensitive to levels of toxin below the detection limits of current diagnostic techniques (the mouse protection bioassay and the immunostick enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] for type C botulinum toxin). Using an up\u2014down method for toxicologic testing, the median toxic dose (MTD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) for cattle was determined. Four lactating Holstein cows were dosed at 0.125 or 0.25 ng\/kg with Clostridium botulinum type C toxin and failed to develop clinical signs of botulism during the 7-day observation period. Three cows given 0.50 ng\/kg of toxin developed clinical signs of botulism. From these results, the MTD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    was calculated at 0.388 ng\/kg (3.88 mouse lethal doses\/kg) using the trim-logit method. These results suggest that cattle are 12.88 times more sensitive to type C botulinum toxin than a mouse on a per kilogram weight basis. The mouse protection bioassay and the immunostick ELISA for type C botulinum toxin failed to identify the presence of the toxin in the serum, blood, and milk samples taken from all 7 animals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870301500603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,12]],"date-time":"2011-05-12T16:20:37Z","timestamp":1305217237000},"page":"523-526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Determination of the Median Toxic Dose of Type C Botulinum Toxin in Lactating Dairy Cows"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Robert B.","family":"Moeller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Laboratory, University of California, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Puschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Laboratory, University of California, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tonie","family":"Rocke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank D.","family":"Galey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Cullor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Teaching and Research Center\u2014Tulare, University of California, Tulare, CA 93274"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex A.","family":"Ardans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-104063870301500603","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.116.19.522"},{"key":"bibr2-104063870301500603","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(85)90059-4"},{"key":"bibr3-104063870301500603","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00295156"},{"key":"bibr4-104063870301500603","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200302"},{"key":"bibr5-104063870301500603","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/1.4.647"},{"key":"bibr6-104063870301500603","first-page":"476","volume":"126","author":"Hogg RA","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"bibr7-104063870301500603","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(00)00216-9"},{"key":"bibr8-104063870301500603","first-page":"626","volume":"36","author":"Jean D","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"bibr9-104063870301500603","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.112.16.2715"},{"key":"bibr10-104063870301500603","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.122.24.579"},{"key":"bibr11-104063870301500603","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.124.21.558"},{"key":"bibr12-104063870301500603","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-34.4.744"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/104063870301500603","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/104063870301500603","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:09:11Z","timestamp":1777680551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/104063870301500603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/104063870301500603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/104063870301500603","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]}}}