{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:52:50Z","timestamp":1790671970428,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine parvovirus (CPV) type 2 (CPV-2) emerged around 1978 as a major pathogen of dogs worldwide. In the mid-1980s, the original CPV-2 had evolved and was completely replaced by 2 variants, CPV-2a and CPV-2b. In 2000, a new variant of CPV (named CPV-2c) was detected in Italy and now cocirculates with types 2a and 2b in that country. The CPV-2c has also been reported from single outbreaks in Vietnam and Spain. This study was conducted to determine if CPV-2c occurs in the United States. Thirty-three fecal samples were collected from dogs in 16 states between April 2006 and April 2007 and were tested for CPV using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive samples were further tested using conventional PCR and minor-groove binding TaqMan PCR assays to determine the viral type and to differentiate vaccine strains from field strains. Twenty-seven samples were positive for CPV, 7 of which were CPV-2c from 5 states: Arizona, California, Georgia, Oklahoma, and Texas. Of the 7 isolates, 4 differed from European CPV-2c isolates by 2 additional single-nucleotide mutations at positions 4076 and 4104, the latter of which produces a ThrAla change at residue 440 located near a major antigenic site. The coast-to-coast geographic distribution of the states in which CPV-2c was detected strongly suggests that this new CPV variant is probably widespread in the United States. The continuous evolution of CPV requires that monoclonal antibody-based and nucleic acid-based diagnostic assays should be periodically checked for sensitivity on prevalent CPV strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,12]],"date-time":"2011-05-12T16:26:52Z","timestamp":1305217612000},"page":"535-539","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Occurrence of Canine Parvovirus Type 2c in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Decaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costantina","family":"Desario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Research and Development, Merial Limited, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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