{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:35:33Z","timestamp":1791074133808,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of the current retrospective study was to describe naturally occurring type A botulism in horses in the United States. In the past 10 years, the Botulism Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania's School of Veterinary Medicine has identified 3 isolated cases and 8 outbreaks of type A botulism in horses via samples positive for Clostridium botulinum type A toxin or spores using the mouse bioassay test. Additional information was obtained by review of submission forms and by telephone or email interviews. Almost all type A cases and outbreaks occurred in the western United States, with Oregon and Idaho overrepresented. Type A toxin was identified in only 1 outbreak; all other identified cases and outbreaks were positive for spores but not preformed toxin. Reported clinical signs included progressive muscle weakness, recumbency, decreased tail and\/or tongue tone, dysphagia, respiratory distress, and death. Isolated cases involved foals \u22641 month of age; outbreaks involved horses \u226511 months. One hundred and nineteen horses were potentially exposed to the toxin source; 54 out of 119 showed signs of botulism, and 49 out of 54 affected horses were confirmed dead. The number of horses affected per outbreak ranged from 2 to 24. The source of infection was confirmed to be hay or silage in 6 out of 8 outbreaks and was unknown in 2 out of 8 outbreaks. The present report is the first description of outbreaks of type A botulism in horses and has important implications for prevention and treatment. Based on these findings, type A botulism should be considered in suspect cases of equine botulism in the western United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,12]],"date-time":"2011-05-12T16:29:05Z","timestamp":1305217745000},"page":"165-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Type A Botulism in Horses in the United States: A Review of the past Ten Years (1998\u20132008)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan C.","family":"McAdams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, 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