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The driving force was its high economic impact, which resulted from trade restrictions and the loss of consumer confidence in beef products, the latter because BSE turned out to be a fatal zoonosis, causing variant Creutzfeldt\u2014Jakob disease in human beings. The ban on meat and bone meal in livestock feed and the removal of specified risk materials from the food chain were the main measures to successfully prevent infection in cattle and to protect human beings from BSE exposure. However, although BSE is now under control, previously unknown, so-called atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in cattle and small ruminants have been identified by enhanced disease surveillance. This report briefly reviews and summarizes the current level of knowledge on the spectrum of TSEs in cattle and small ruminants and addresses the question of the extent to which such atypical TSEs have an effect on disease surveillance and control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,12]],"date-time":"2011-05-12T16:29:05Z","timestamp":1305217745000},"page":"823-842","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Atypical Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in Ruminants: A                Challenge for Disease Surveillance and Control"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Torsten","family":"Seuberlich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroCentre, National and OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE and\r            Scrapie, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse\r            Faculty, University of Berne, 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