{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:35:28Z","timestamp":1777930528586,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral toxicosis of catfish (VTC) syndrome was recognized in the late 1990s and recently has been associated with exposure to Clostridium botulinum type E neurotoxin. Tentative diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and gross findings, and is confirmed by bioassay. In April 2009, channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) from 2 different farms presented with abnormal swimming behavior and mortalities. Nine fish were submitted to the Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (Stoneville, Mississippi) for evaluation. Bacterial cultures from these fish were negative. Necropsy findings included intestinal intussusceptions, ascites, pale proximal intestines with engorged serosal blood vessels, splenic congestion, and a reticular pattern to the liver. Significant histopathologic findings were limited to cerebral, splenic, and hepatic congestion, splenic lymphoid depletion and perivascular edema, vascular dilation and edema of the gastrointestinal tract, and perivascular edema in the anterior and posterior kidneys. Intoxication from C. botulinum type E neurotoxin was suspected based on the clinical signs and lack of gross and microbiological evidence of an infectious disease process. The toxicosis was confirmed with a positive bioassay using serum collected from the submitted fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711425577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,15]],"date-time":"2011-11-15T04:04:53Z","timestamp":1321329893000},"page":"1217-1221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The pathology associated with visceral toxicosis of catfish"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Lester H.","family":"Khoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, College of Veterinary Medicine (Khoo, Steadman, McIntyre, Gaunt)"},{"name":"Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experimental Station (Wise)"},{"name":"Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS; Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering (Holmes)"},{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (Hanson), Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS"},{"name":"Aquaculture and Fisheries Center, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR (Goodwin)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew E.","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, College of Veterinary Medicine (Khoo, Steadman, McIntyre, Gaunt)"},{"name":"Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experimental Station (Wise)"},{"name":"Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS; Dave C. 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