{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:36:11Z","timestamp":1777930571772,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,15]],"date-time":"2013-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A 6-month-old, neutered male, mixed-breed dog was examined for a 2-month persistent fever, nonhealing dermal metacarpal area wound, and leukocytosis (47.0\u2013198.0 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/\u03bcl). Serum chemistry findings included hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperphosphatasemia. Complete blood cell count results revealed a moderate microcytic, hypochromic nonregenerative anemia with a profound leukocytosis (198.5 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/\u03bcl), characterized by neutrophilia with toxicity and hypersegmentation, and significant band cells. Tick-borne disease titers (genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Borrelia) were negative, as were polymerase chain reaction for other infectious agents (genera Hepatozoon, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma; and Canine distemper virus). No agents were identified in a deep dermal biopsy (conventional and special histochemical stains) of the chronic draining, metacarpal region lesion. Cytology of the draining tract revealed numerous mixed bacteria and a surprising lack of neutrophils. Chronic occult blood loss with iron deficiency was considered a possible cause of the anemia. Differentials for the leukon were chronic established inflammation (occult infectious agent), chronic neutrophilic leukemia, paraneoplastic leukocytosis (neoplastic source of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [CSF] or granulocyte-macrophage CSF), and leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD). The possibility of a LAD disorder was further investigated because of the noted hypersegmented neutrophils, absence of neutrophils in the cytology sample, the animal\u2019s young age, and persistence of clinical and laboratory signs. Flow cytometry of blood neutrophils showed a 60% reduction in surface expression of the \u03b22-integrin (CD18) subunit, whereas neutrophil function tests (oxidative burst and phagocytosis) were normal. Genetic testing revealed a homozygous missense mutation in the \u03b22-integrin subunit gene, previously recognized only in purebred Irish Setters, leading to a diagnosis of LAD type 1 disorder in this mixed-breed dog.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713478814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,16]],"date-time":"2013-02-16T02:52:04Z","timestamp":1360983124000},"page":"291-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I in a mixed-breed dog"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Kurt L.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Zimmerman, Sponenberg, Hammond)"},{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Monroe)"},{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Evans), Office of Research and Graduate Studies (Makris)"},{"name":"Department of Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science (Kanevsky Mullarky)"},{"name":"Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Zimmerman, Sponenberg, Hammond)"},{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Monroe)"},{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Evans), Office of Research and Graduate Studies (Makris)"},{"name":"Department of Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science (Kanevsky Mullarky)"},{"name":"Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William E.","family":"Monroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Zimmerman, Sponenberg, Hammond)"},{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Monroe)"},{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Evans), Office of Research and Graduate Studies (Makris)"},{"name":"Department of Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science (Kanevsky Mullarky)"},{"name":"Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. Phillip","family":"Sponenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Zimmerman, Sponenberg, Hammond)"},{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Monroe)"},{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Evans), Office of Research and Graduate Studies (Makris)"},{"name":"Department of Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science (Kanevsky Mullarky)"},{"name":"Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Zimmerman, Sponenberg, Hammond)"},{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Monroe)"},{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Evans), Office of Research and Graduate Studies (Makris)"},{"name":"Department of Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science (Kanevsky Mullarky)"},{"name":"Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Makris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Zimmerman, Sponenberg, Hammond)"},{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Monroe)"},{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Evans), Office of Research and Graduate Studies (Makris)"},{"name":"Department of Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science (Kanevsky Mullarky)"},{"name":"Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah H.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Zimmerman, Sponenberg, Hammond)"},{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Monroe)"},{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Evans), Office of Research and Graduate Studies (Makris)"},{"name":"Department of Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science (Kanevsky Mullarky)"},{"name":"Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isis","family":"Kanevsky Mullarky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Zimmerman, Sponenberg, Hammond)"},{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Monroe)"},{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Evans), Office of Research and Graduate Studies (Makris)"},{"name":"Department of Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science (Kanevsky Mullarky)"},{"name":"Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary K.","family":"Boudreaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Zimmerman, Sponenberg, Hammond)"},{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Monroe)"},{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Evans), Office of Research and Graduate Studies (Makris)"},{"name":"Department of Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science (Kanevsky Mullarky)"},{"name":"Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1040638713478814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-09-0571"},{"key":"bibr2-1040638713478814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(03)00057-6"},{"key":"bibr3-1040638713478814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00032.x"},{"key":"bibr4-1040638713478814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02380.x"},{"key":"bibr5-1040638713478814","first-page":"1622","volume":"69","author":"Giger U","year":"1987","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"bibr6-1040638713478814","first-page":"363","volume":"54","author":"Gu YC","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"bibr7-1040638713478814","first-page":"222","volume-title":"Essentials of veterinary hematology","author":"Jain 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