{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:36:11Z","timestamp":1777930571754,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,19]],"date-time":"2013-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fecal canine alpha\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -proteinase inhibitor (c\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -PI) concentration has been reported to be increased in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy due to the loss of c\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -PI into the gastrointestinal tract. A chronic loss of c\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -PI may theoretically deplete serum c\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -PI, potentially altering the proteinase-to-proteinase inhibitor balance. Protein-losing enteropathy has been reported to occur frequently in certain dog breeds such as Yorkshire Terriers and to be associated with hypocobalaminemia. The objective was to compare serum c\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -PI concentrations in Yorkshire Terriers with and without cobalamin (COB) deficiency. Serum samples from 52 COB-deficient and 69 normocobalaminemic Yorkshire Terriers, which had been submitted to the Gastrointestinal Laboratory (2008\u20132011; College Station, TX), were included retrospectively. Serum c\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -PI concentrations were measured using an in-house radioimmunoassay and compared between Yorkshire Terriers with and without COB deficiency using a Mann\u2013Whitney U test. A Fisher exact test was used to evaluate whether a decreased serum c\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -PI concentration is associated with COB deficiency in Yorkshire Terriers. Serum c\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -PI concentrations were significantly lower in COB-deficient Yorkshire Terriers (median: 1,016 mg\/l, range: 315\u20133,945 mg\/l) than in normocobalaminemic Yorkshire Terriers (median: 1,665 mg\/l, range: 900\u20132,970 mg\/l; P &lt; 0.0001). One-fourth ( n = 13) of the COB-deficient Yorkshire Terriers had a serum c\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -PI concentration below the lower limit of the reference interval (&lt;732 mg\/l), and COB deficiency was associated with decreased serum c\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -PI concentrations ( P &lt; 0.0001). In the current study, serum c\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -PI concentrations are significantly lower in COB-deficient Yorkshire Terriers when compared to normocobalaminemic Yorkshire Terriers. Further studies are needed to determine the functional and potential prognostic implications of serum c\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -PI concentrations in dogs with gastrointestinal disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713485960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,19]],"date-time":"2013-04-19T21:33:45Z","timestamp":1366407225000},"page":"376-385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Serum concentrations of canine alpha\n                    <sub>1<\/sub>\n                    -proteinase inhibitor in cobalamin-deficient Yorkshire Terrier dogs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Niels","family":"Gr\u00fctzner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romy M.","family":"Heilmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cory S.","family":"Bridges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan S.","family":"Suchodolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg M.","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1040638713485960","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03011.x"},{"key":"bibr2-1040638713485960","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.05.008"},{"key":"bibr3-1040638713485960","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0427.x"},{"key":"bibr4-1040638713485960","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-32-4-313"},{"key":"bibr5-1040638713485960","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.02.002"},{"key":"bibr6-1040638713485960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1987.190.01.61","volume":"190","author":"Fossum TW","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med 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