{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:22:06Z","timestamp":1792725726045,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,26]],"date-time":"2014-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), also known as pinkeye, is the most costly eye disease of cattle. The principal etiologic agent of IBK is the Gram-negative bacterium Moraxella bovis. However, there have been reports of IBK outbreaks associated with Moraxella bovoculi. A retrospective study of IBK diagnostic cases submitted from July 1, 2010 through October 31, 2013 was conducted. Included in the study were 1,042 Moraxella isolates from 1,538 swabs of lacrimal secretions collected from 282 herds from 30 U.S. states. Moraxella isolates were identified to the species level and were composed of M. bovoculi (701 isolates), M. bovis (295 isolates), Moraxella ovis (5 isolates), and other Moraxella spp. (41). Minimum inhibitory concentrations required for 90% growth inhibition (MIC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was calculated for representative isolates. The MIC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    values for both M. bovis and M. bovoculi were as follows: ampicillin and ceftiofur: \u22640.25 \u00b5g\/ml; clindamycin: 2 \u00b5g\/ml; danofloxacin and enrofloxacin: \u22640.12 \u00b5g\/ml; florfenicol: 0.5 \u00b5g\/ml; gentamicin: 1 \u00b5g\/ml; neomycin: 4 \u00b5g\/ml; tulathromycin: 2 \u00b5g\/ml; and tylosin: 8 \u00b5g\/ml. The MIC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    values for M. bovoculi included the following: chlortetracycline: \u22640.5 \u00b5g\/ml; oxytetracycline: 4 \u00b5g\/ml; penicillin: 0.25 \u00b5g\/ml; spectinomycin: 32 \u00b5g\/ml; sulfadimethoxine: &gt;256 \u00b5g\/ml; tiamulin: 1 \u00b5g\/ml; and trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole: 4 \u00b5g\/ml. For M. bovis, MIC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    values included the following: chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline: 1 \u00b5g\/ml; penicillin: \u22640.12 \u00b5g\/ml; spectinomycin: 16 \u00b5g\/ml; sulfadimethoxine: \u2264256 \u00b5g\/ml; tiamulin: \u22640.5 \u00b5g\/ml; and trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole: \u22642 \u00b5g\/ml. The current work describes the frequency of isolation and differences in antimicrobial sensitivity observed among Moraxella isolates from case submissions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714551403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,27]],"date-time":"2014-09-27T03:20:52Z","timestamp":1411788052000},"page":"761-768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["<i>Moraxella<\/i>\n                    spp. isolated from field outbreaks of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: a retrospective study of case submissions from 2010 to 2013"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"John Dustin","family":"Loy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce W.","family":"Brodersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1040638714551403","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1985.35133"},{"key":"bibr2-1040638714551403","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.09.006"},{"key":"bibr3-1040638714551403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1995.206.08.1200","volume":"206","author":"Allen LJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr4-1040638714551403","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900511"},{"key":"bibr5-1040638714551403","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711404154"},{"key":"bibr6-1040638714551403","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.05.009"},{"key":"bibr7-1040638714551403","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.62"},{"key":"bibr8-1040638714551403","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-010-9347-8"},{"key":"bibr9-1040638714551403","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64333-0"},{"key":"bibr10-1040638714551403","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(94)90074-4"},{"key":"bibr11-1040638714551403","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.3.1148-1152.1991"},{"key":"bibr12-1040638714551403","unstructured":"Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI): 2013, Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility test for bacteria isolated from animals; approved standard\u2014fourth edition. 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