{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:09:40Z","timestamp":1790870980083,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]],"date-time":"2016-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Since 2006, 3 new disease syndromes have emerged in farmed saltwater crocodiles ( Crocodylus porosus) in the Northern Territory of Australia. We describe the syndromes through a retrospective study of laboratory findings from 187 diagnostic cases submitted to Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories between 2005 and 2014. The first syndrome was characterized by conjunctivitis and\/or pharyngitis (CP), primarily in hatchlings. Herpesviruses were isolated in primary crocodile cell culture, or were detected by PCR directly from conjunctiva or pharyngeal tissue, in 21 of 39 cases of CP (54%), compared with 9 of 64 crocodiles without the syndrome (14%, p &lt; 0.0001). Chlamydiaceae were detected by PCR in conjunctiva or pharyngeal tissue of 55% of 29 CP cases tested, and of these, 81% also contained herpesvirus. The second syndrome occurred in juveniles and growers exhibiting poor growth, and was characterized histologically by systemic lymphoid proliferation and nonsuppurative encephalitis (SLPE). Herpesviruses were isolated or detected by PCR from at least 1 internal organ in 31 of 33 SLPE cases (94%) compared with 5 of 95 crocodiles without the syndrome (5%, p &lt; 0.0001). The third syndrome, characterized by multifocal lymphohistiocytic infiltration of the dermis (LNS), occurred in 6 harvest-sized crocodiles. Herpesviruses were isolated from at least 1 skin lesion in 4 of these 6 cases. Although our study revealed strong associations between herpesvirus and the CP and SLPE syndromes, the precise nature of the role of herpesvirus, along with the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the syndromes, requires further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716642268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]],"date-time":"2016-04-13T23:09:20Z","timestamp":1460588960000},"page":"279-290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Diagnostic investigation of new disease syndromes in farmed Australian saltwater crocodiles (\n                    <i>Crocodylus porosus<\/i>\n                    ) reveals associations with herpesviral infection"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Shilton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)"},{"name":"AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)"},{"name":"Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)"},{"name":"Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian V.","family":"Jerrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)"},{"name":"AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)"},{"name":"Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)"},{"name":"Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)"},{"name":"AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)"},{"name":"Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)"},{"name":"Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)"},{"name":"AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)"},{"name":"Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)"},{"name":"Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Benedict","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)"},{"name":"AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)"},{"name":"Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)"},{"name":"Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally R.","family":"Isberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)"},{"name":"AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)"},{"name":"Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)"},{"name":"Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grahame J. W.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)"},{"name":"AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)"},{"name":"Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)"},{"name":"Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlie","family":"Manolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)"},{"name":"AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)"},{"name":"Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)"},{"name":"Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy H.","family":"Hyndman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)"},{"name":"AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)"},{"name":"Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)"},{"name":"Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Phalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)"},{"name":"AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)"},{"name":"Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)"},{"name":"Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory P.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)"},{"name":"AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)"},{"name":"Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)"},{"name":"Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorna","family":"Melville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)"},{"name":"AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)"},{"name":"Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)"},{"name":"Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1040638716642268","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","volume":"2008","author":"Alexander DJ","edition":"12"},{"key":"bibr2-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jfms.2001.0110"},{"key":"bibr3-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280318"},{"key":"bibr4-1040638716642268","first-page":"309","volume-title":"Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques","volume":"2008","author":"Bartlett JH","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr5-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1994.tb03381.x"},{"key":"bibr6-1040638716642268","first-page":"465","volume-title":"Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals","volume":"2","author":"Caswell JL","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr7-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1759-8753-3-20"},{"key":"bibr8-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2007.02169.x"},{"key":"bibr9-1040638716642268","first-page":"568","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","author":"Fadly AM","year":"2008","edition":"12"},{"key":"bibr10-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006063"},{"key":"bibr11-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870501700513"},{"key":"bibr12-1040638716642268","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","volume":"2008","author":"Guy JS","edition":"12"},{"key":"bibr13-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.15.3.756-759.1977"},{"key":"bibr14-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3164.1999.00145.x"},{"key":"bibr15-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996561.0000"},{"key":"bibr16-1040638716642268","first-page":"20","volume":"65","author":"Huchzermeyer FW","year":"1994","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"bibr17-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v79i2.253"},{"key":"bibr18-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.09.013"},{"key":"bibr19-1040638716642268","first-page":"395","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles","volume":"2007","author":"Jacobson ER"},{"key":"bibr20-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1986.189.09.1020","volume":"189","author":"Jacobson ER","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr21-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1996.tb15456.x"},{"key":"bibr22-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302X.2003.00033.x"},{"key":"bibr23-1040638716642268","unstructured":"MacLachlan NJ, Dubovi EJ. Fenner\u2019s Veterinary Virology. 4th ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2011:179\u2013201."},{"key":"bibr24-1040638716642268","unstructured":"Martin SW, Veterinary Epidemiology: Principles and Methods. 1st ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1987:128\u2013131."},{"key":"bibr25-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2004.tb11109.x"},{"key":"bibr26-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0133.1"},{"key":"bibr27-1040638716642268","first-page":"814","volume-title":"Reptile Medicine and Surgery","volume":"2006","author":"Origgi FC","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr28-1040638716642268","first-page":"2479","volume-title":"Fields\u2019 Virology","volume":"2007","author":"Pellet P","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr29-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02517.x"},{"key":"bibr30-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1975.36.08.1221","volume":"36","author":"Rebell G","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"bibr31-1040638716642268","first-page":"629","volume":"51","author":"Sandemeyer LS","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"bibr32-1040638716642268","first-page":"5","volume":"63","author":"Sariya L","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jpn J Vet Res"},{"key":"bibr33-1040638716642268","first-page":"452","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","volume":"2008","author":"Schat KA","edition":"12"},{"key":"bibr34-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813516642"},{"key":"bibr35-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.11.029"},{"key":"bibr36-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.07.002"},{"key":"bibr37-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133807"},{"key":"bibr38-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-185"},{"key":"bibr39-1040638716642268","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals","volume":"2","author":"Uzal FA","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr40-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.7.1666-1671.1996"},{"key":"bibr41-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02472"},{"key":"bibr42-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/03-011"},{"key":"bibr43-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.10.012"},{"key":"bibr44-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-32.4.682"},{"key":"bibr45-1040638716642268","first-page":"407","volume-title":"Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals","volume":"1","author":"Wilcock BP","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr46-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(81)90019-0"},{"key":"bibr47-1040638716642268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067598"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1040638716642268","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1040638716642268","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1040638716642268","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:19:38Z","timestamp":1777681178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1040638716642268"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1040638716642268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1040638716642268","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]]}}}