{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:38:35Z","timestamp":1777930715868,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,6]],"date-time":"2018-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS), formerly named canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, is one of the most common causes of acute hemorrhagic diarrhea in dogs, and is characterized by acute onset of diarrhea, vomiting, and hemoconcentration. To date, histologic examinations have been limited to postmortem specimens of only a few dogs with AHDS. Thus, the aim of our study was to describe in detail the distribution, character, and grade of microscopic lesions, and to investigate the etiology of AHDS. Our study comprised 10 dogs with AHDS and 9 control dogs of various breeds, age, and sex. Endoscopic biopsies of the gastrointestinal tract were taken and examined histologically (H&amp;E, Giemsa), immunohistochemically ( Clostridium spp., parvovirus), and bacteriologically. The main findings were acute necrotizing and neutrophilic enterocolitis (9 of 10) with histologic detection of clostridia-like, gram-positive bacteria on the necrotic mucosal surface (9 of 10). Clostridium perfringens isolated from the duodenum was identified as type A (5 of 5) by multiplex PCR (5 of 5). In addition, each of the 5 genotyped isolates encoded the pore-forming toxin netF. Clostridium spp. (not C. perfringens) were cultured from duodenal biopsies in 2 of 9 control dogs. These findings suggest that the pore-forming netF toxin is responsible for the necrotizing lesions in the intestines of a significant proportion of dogs with AHDS. Given that the stomach was not involved in the process, the term \u201cacute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome\u201d seems more appropriate than the frequently used term \u201chemorrhagic gastroenteritis.\u201d<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718766983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,6]],"date-time":"2018-04-06T04:14:04Z","timestamp":1522988044000},"page":"495-503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Intestinal lesions in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome associated with\n                    <i>netF<\/i>\n                    -positive\n                    <i>Clostridium perfringens<\/i>\n                    type A"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Miriam","family":"Leipig-Rudolph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology (Leipig-Rudolph, Hermanns), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 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Gohari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology (Leipig-Rudolph, Hermanns), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses (Wolf), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic of Small Animal Medicine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine (Busch, Hartmann, Unterer), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Prescott, Mehdizadeh Gohari)"},{"name":"IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian M.","family":"Leutenegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology (Leipig-Rudolph, Hermanns), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses (Wolf), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 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