{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T09:48:40Z","timestamp":1786787320810,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this retrospective descriptive study, we characterized the clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of 13 cases of canine gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma (GB-NEC). Immunohistochemical stains for neuroendocrine (neuron-specific enolase [NSE], chromogranin A, synaptophysin) and gastrin markers were evaluated, and clinicopathologic and follow-up data were obtained for all cases. The average age at diagnosis was 8.9 y, and breeds included 6 Boston Terriers, 2 Bichon Frise, 1 Poodle, 1 English Bulldog, 1 French Bulldog, and 2 mixed-breed dogs. Boston Terriers were overrepresented in this cohort, and therefore a breed predilection is possible. Most dogs were presented with emesis and elevated liver enzyme activities: 13 of 13 had elevated alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities; 8 of 13 had elevated aspartate aminotransferase activity; 7 of 13 had elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase activity. Abdominal ultrasound and\/or exploratory surgery revealed a gallbladder mass. All neoplasms had similar histologic features and positive immunoreactivity for NSE, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and gastrin. Vascular invasion was noted in 8 of 13 neoplasms, and metastasis was present in 6 of 13 cases (4 hepatic and 2 pulmonary metastases). The median survival time was 3.7\u2009y in patients who died; 5 of 8 deaths were directly attributed to the GB-NEC, 3 of which had metastatic spread. GB-NECs have the potential to metastasize; however, surgical excision may be curative in a subset of dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720978172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T02:25:27Z","timestamp":1606962327000},"page":"294-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical features of 13 cases of canine gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Braelyn J.","family":"Bankoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3703-3749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peri K.","family":"Rosenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne C.","family":"Clendaniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid-Atlantic Veterinary Specialists, Malvern, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa D.","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antech Diagnostics, Framingham, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2245-6872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy C.","family":"Durham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1040638720978172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.11.1326"},{"key":"bibr2-1040638720978172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-008-9151-x"},{"key":"bibr3-1040638720978172","first-page":"8218","volume":"8","author":"Chen C","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"bibr4-1040638720978172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181d7a6d4"},{"key":"bibr5-1040638720978172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2007.11.003"},{"key":"bibr6-1040638720978172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199903183401107"},{"key":"bibr7-1040638720978172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-334"},{"key":"bibr8-1040638720978172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.39-6-756"},{"key":"bibr9-1040638720978172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588101800404"},{"key":"bibr10-1040638720978172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.42-2-140"},{"key":"bibr11-1040638720978172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.42-3-331"},{"key":"bibr12-1040638720978172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2003.10660"},{"key":"bibr13-1040638720978172","unstructured":"Vinik A, et al. Carcinoid tumors. In: De Groot LJ, et al., eds. Endotext [Internet]. MDText.com, 2000. [cited 2018 Feb 5]. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK279162\/"},{"key":"bibr14-1040638720978172","first-page":"926","volume":"192","author":"Willard MD","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1040638720978172","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1040638720978172","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1040638720978172","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:24:07Z","timestamp":1777681447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1040638720978172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1040638720978172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1040638720978172","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]}}}