{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:10:54Z","timestamp":1790518254397,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012429","name":"school of veterinary medicine, louisiana state university","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PG 002165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG 002165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan pathogen that infects many endothermic vertebrates, including humans; the domestic cat and other felids serve as the definitive host. Macropodids are considered highly susceptible to toxoplasmosis. Here, we describe the clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical findings of an outbreak of systemic toxoplasmosis in a mob of 11 red kangaroos ( Macropus rufus), with high morbidity (73%) and mortality (100%) rates. Affected animals had either severe and rapidly deteriorating clinical conditions or sudden death, which was correlated with widespread necrotizing lesions in multiple organs and intralesional T. gondii organisms identified via MIC3-specific immunohistochemistry and confirmed by REP529-specific rtPCR. Quantification of parasites demonstrated the highest parasite density in pulmonary parenchyma compared with other tissues. Our study highlights the continued importance of this severe condition in Australian marsupials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211001869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T05:44:09Z","timestamp":1616132649000},"page":"554-565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in an outbreak of systemic toxoplasmosis in a mob of red kangaroos"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3864-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Carossino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudy","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles O.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke C.","family":"St\u00f6hr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuko","family":"Wakamatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences"},{"name":"Current address: Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (Wakamatsu)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7366-4391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingeborg M.","family":"Langohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kendra","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria S.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences"},{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0609-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udeni B. R.","family":"Balasuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2007.tb00190.x"},{"key":"bibr2-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.04.002"},{"key":"bibr3-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.030"},{"key":"bibr4-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.082"},{"key":"bibr5-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091014-104100"},{"key":"bibr6-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(08)80172-7"},{"key":"bibr7-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007950"},{"key":"bibr8-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030234"},{"key":"bibr9-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1453.1"},{"key":"bibr10-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612016076"},{"key":"bibr11-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00054","volume":"15","author":"Djurkovi\u0107-Djakovi\u0107 O","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol"},{"key":"bibr12-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.205.11.1593"},{"key":"bibr13-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.005"},{"key":"bibr14-10406387211001869","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of Livestock","volume":"1","author":"Dubey JP","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr15-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1448.1"},{"key":"bibr16-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(88)90156-2"},{"key":"bibr17-10406387211001869","first-page":"529","volume":"33","author":"El-Dakhly KM","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"bibr18-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01900-07"},{"key":"bibr19-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2000.00064.x"},{"key":"bibr20-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017000063"},{"key":"bibr21-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.1035-1039"},{"key":"bibr22-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2002.00485.x"},{"key":"bibr23-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.12.002"},{"key":"bibr24-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712440995"},{"key":"bibr25-10406387211001869","first-page":"288","volume-title":"Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","author":"Holz P","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr26-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00170-8"},{"key":"bibr27-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/9780643097933"},{"key":"bibr28-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-03-064"},{"key":"bibr29-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879200400426"},{"key":"bibr30-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338827"},{"key":"bibr31-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.12.004"},{"key":"bibr32-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2009.01.008"},{"key":"bibr33-10406387211001869","first-page":"1166","volume":"189","author":"Patton S","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr34-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2009-0148.1"},{"key":"bibr35-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00242"},{"key":"bibr36-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.09.022"},{"key":"bibr37-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284407"},{"key":"bibr38-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00675.x"},{"key":"bibr39-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/9780643097971"},{"key":"bibr40-10406387211001869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2332-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387211001869","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10406387211001869","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387211001869","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:24:15Z","timestamp":1777681455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10406387211001869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10406387211001869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387211001869","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]}}}