{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:12:37Z","timestamp":1790662357793,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tyzzer disease (TD) is caused by Clostridium piliforme, a gram-negative and obligate intracellular bacterium. The disease occurs in multiple species. A triad of lesions, namely colitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis, is described in cases of TD in some species, such as rats and mice. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 25 equine cases with a diagnosis of TD; 24 of 25 cases occurred in foals &lt;45\u2009d old; the remaining foal was 90 d old. There were 12 males and 12 females; no sex information was available for one foal. The affected breeds were Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Arabian, Paint, and Hanoverian. Most of the cases (19 of 25) occurred in the spring. There were 9 cases of sudden death; the remaining animals had diarrhea, fever, distended abdomen, depression, weakness, non-responsiveness, and\/or recumbency. Gross findings included icterus, hepatomegaly with acinar pattern, serosal hemorrhages, pulmonary edema, and\/or fluid content in small and large intestine. Microscopically, all foals had severe, multifocal, necrotizing hepatitis. Necrotizing lymphohistiocytic colitis was observed in 10 of 25 foals, and multifocal necrotizing myocarditis was found in 8 of 25. Gram-negative, Steiner-positive, intracytoplasmic filamentous bacteria were observed in hepatocytes, enterocytes, and myocardiocytes, respectively. PCR detected C. piliforme DNA in the liver (24 of 24), colon (20 of 24), and heart (5 of 25). Our results indicate that necrotic hepatitis is the hallmark of TD in horses; the so-called triad of lesions is not a consistent characteristic of the disease in this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211031213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T02:05:48Z","timestamp":1625796348000},"page":"421-428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["<i>Clostridium piliforme<\/i>\n                    infection (Tyzzer disease) in horses: retrospective study of 25 cases and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Juan A.","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7744-8052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio A.","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, San Bernardino, CA, USA"},{"name":"Instituto de Patolog\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Fresneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, San Bernardino, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, San Bernardino, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12935\/jvma.63.439"},{"key":"bibr2-10406387211031213","first-page":"22","volume":"30","author":"Ayala MA","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analecta Vet"},{"key":"bibr3-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00725.x"},{"key":"bibr4-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.43-5-765"},{"key":"bibr5-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(08)80072-2"},{"key":"bibr6-10406387211031213","first-page":"258","volume-title":"Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals","volume":"2","author":"Cullen JM","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr7-10406387211031213","first-page":"568","volume":"44","author":"Franklin CL","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr8-10406387211031213","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Clostridial Diseases of Animals","volume":"2016","author":"Fresneda KC"},{"key":"bibr9-10406387211031213","first-page":"717","volume":"64","author":"Ganaway JR","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"bibr10-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-11-267"},{"key":"bibr11-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-012-1670-8"},{"key":"bibr12-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03854.x"},{"key":"bibr13-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.36-6-613"},{"key":"bibr14-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.36-3-253"},{"key":"bibr15-10406387211031213","first-page":"391","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","volume":"2012","author":"Jones BR","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr16-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2000)031[0558:TSDIAR]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"bibr17-10406387211031213","first-page":"363","volume":"17","author":"Licois D.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Rech Vet"},{"key":"bibr18-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711425594"},{"key":"bibr19-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-02-041"},{"key":"bibr20-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.12.003"},{"key":"bibr21-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719886567"},{"key":"bibr22-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638715593600"},{"key":"bibr23-10406387211031213","first-page":"924","volume":"69","author":"Pawaiya R","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian J Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr24-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589503200110"},{"key":"bibr25-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.38-3-326"},{"key":"bibr26-10406387211031213","first-page":"125","volume":"57","author":"Sasseville VG","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"bibr27-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367778780953297"},{"key":"bibr28-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(07)80005-3"},{"key":"bibr29-10406387211031213","first-page":"130","volume":"17","author":"Swerczek TW.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Vet Annu"},{"key":"bibr30-10406387211031213","first-page":"876","volume":"54","author":"Swerczek TW.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"bibr31-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(83)90055-5"},{"key":"bibr32-10406387211031213","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals","volume":"1","author":"Uzal FA","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr33-10406387211031213","first-page":"516","volume":"42","author":"Veazey RS","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr34-10406387211031213","first-page":"431","volume":"191","author":"Webb DM","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr35-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1976.tb03313.x"},{"key":"bibr36-10406387211031213","first-page":"510","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals","volume":"2001","author":"Wobeser G","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr37-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0121"},{"key":"bibr38-10406387211031213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589503200110"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387211031213","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10406387211031213","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387211031213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:24:44Z","timestamp":1777681484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10406387211031213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10406387211031213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387211031213","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]}}}