{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:14:52Z","timestamp":1784830492162,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001343","name":"university of pretoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Health and Welfare Sector Education and Training Authority (HWSETA) in South Africa"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Theileria parasites commonly infect African wild artiodactyls. In rare roan ( Hippotragus equinus) and sable ( H. niger) antelopes, Theileria sp. (sable)-associated calf mortalities constrain breeding programs. The pathogenicity of most leukocyte-transforming Theileria spp. originates in their invasion of and multiplication in various mononuclear leukocytes, the transformation of both infected and uninfected leukocytes, and their infiltration of multiple organs. Understanding the pathogenesis of theileriosis can be improved by the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) to identify the localization of the parasites in tissue sections. Our aim was to develop a reproducible IHC assay to detect leukocyte-associated Theileria parasites in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded roan and sable tissues. Polyclonal antibodies were purified from the sera of 5 roans from an area endemic for Theileria sp. (sable) and tested for IHC reactivity in 55 infected and 39 control roan and sable antelopes, and for antigen and species cross-reactivity in an additional 58 cases. The 3 strongest antibodies consistently detected intraleukocytic theilerial antigens in known positive cases in roan and sable antelopes, and also detected other Theileria spp. in non-hippotraginid wild artiodactyl tissues. The antibodies did not cross-react with other apicomplexan protozoa, with the exception of Cryptosporidium. Given that PCR on its own cannot determine the significance of theilerial infection in wild ruminants, IHC is a useful laboratory test with which to confirm the diagnosis in these species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211033272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T03:26:17Z","timestamp":1627701977000},"page":"1079-1088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Polyclonal antibody\u2013based immunohistochemical detection of intraleukocytic\n                    <i>Theileria<\/i>\n                    parasites in roan and sable antelopes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1368-1215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Clift","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernat","family":"Mart\u00ed-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei de diagn\u00f2stic de Patologia Veterin\u00e0ria, Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterin\u00e0ria de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rephima M.","family":"Phaswane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily P.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoinette I.","family":"Josemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors Programmes, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8576-6213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilse","family":"Vorster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja N.","family":"Koeppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa"},{"name":"the Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanni","family":"Fehrsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa"},{"name":"Vaccines and Diagnostics Development Programmes, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-02549-1"},{"key":"bibr2-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00703-19"},{"key":"bibr3-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720920346"},{"key":"bibr4-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00179-7"},{"key":"bibr5-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2010.11.1.27"},{"key":"bibr6-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00028"},{"key":"bibr7-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985819879443"},{"key":"bibr8-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101644"},{"key":"bibr9-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2014.11.003"},{"key":"bibr10-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12816\/0026953"},{"key":"bibr11-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(81)90002-9"},{"key":"bibr12-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2013-0610-CP"},{"key":"bibr13-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1998.0256"},{"key":"bibr14-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156004"},{"key":"bibr15-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13312"},{"key":"bibr16-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.03.006"},{"key":"bibr17-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1782-1789.1999"},{"key":"bibr18-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155414545224"},{"key":"bibr19-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-2-243"},{"key":"bibr20-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(98)00184-8"},{"key":"bibr21-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10170A50188654.en."},{"key":"bibr22-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10167A50188287.en."},{"key":"bibr23-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623318776907"},{"key":"bibr24-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.1381-1385"},{"key":"bibr25-10406387211033272","unstructured":"Lawrence JA, et al. East Coast fever. In: Coetzer JAW, et al., eds. Infectious Diseases of Livestock. 3rd ed. Anipedia. [cited 2017 Jul 10]. https:\/\/www.anipedia.org\/publications\/east-coast-fever\/1128"},{"key":"bibr26-10406387211033272","unstructured":"Lawrence JA, Mans BJ.\n                      Theileria annulata\n                      theileriosis. In: Coetzer JAW, et al., eds. Infectious Diseases of Livestock. 3rd ed. Anipedia. [cited 2017 Oct 7]. https:\/\/www.anipedia.org\/publications\/theileria-annulata-theileriosis\/1124"},{"key":"bibr27-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2014.12.006"},{"key":"bibr28-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00314-X"},{"key":"bibr29-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(81)90080-1"},{"key":"bibr30-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.02.001"},{"key":"bibr31-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.2249-2254.2003"},{"key":"bibr32-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.5907-5911.2005"},{"key":"bibr33-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ATMPH.ATMPH_29_17"},{"key":"bibr34-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201900132X"},{"key":"bibr35-10406387211033272","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, 2018. https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"key":"bibr36-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.42-4-405"},{"key":"bibr37-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000401"},{"key":"bibr38-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813505879"},{"key":"bibr39-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.10.004"},{"key":"bibr40-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0980-9"},{"key":"bibr41-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baaa062"},{"key":"bibr42-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.7.2215-2222.1999"},{"key":"bibr43-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v79i1.367"},{"key":"bibr44-10406387211033272","unstructured":"Stoltsz WH, Dunsterville MT.\n                      In vitro\n                      establishment and cultivation of a\n                      Cytauxzoon\n                      sp. (\n                      Theileria\n                      sp.) from a sable antelope (\n                      Hippotragus niger\n                      , Harris 1838). J S Afr Vet Assoc 1992;63:182. Parasitol Soc South Africa abstract. https:\/\/journals.co.za\/doi\/pdf\/10.10520\/AJA00382809_2977"},{"key":"bibr45-10406387211033272","first-page":"203","volume":"45","author":"Sugimoto C","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"bibr46-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0447-0"},{"key":"bibr47-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2013.06.003"},{"key":"bibr48-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985820960132"},{"key":"bibr49-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0684-x"},{"key":"bibr50-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.05.029"},{"key":"bibr51-10406387211033272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1589-4"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387211033272","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10406387211033272","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387211033272","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:24:46Z","timestamp":1777681486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10406387211033272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10406387211033272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387211033272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]}}}