{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:40:27Z","timestamp":1777930827314,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pentobarbital is used commonly to euthanize animals. Occasionally during a death investigation, it is necessary to determine whether a cat or dog was euthanized via pentobarbital overdose. Screening for the detection of barbiturates including pentobarbital can be performed using commercial immunochromatographic tests. We used a commercial immunochromatographic test for barbiturates in humans to screen for barbiturates in urine collected postmortem from 20 dogs and 20 cats to determine whether they had been euthanized with pentobarbital. Additionally, we analyzed the urine for pentobarbital using liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry as a confirmatory test. Screening and confirmation testing revealed 100% agreement between the tests and with the euthanasia status of each animal. Our results support the use of the immunochromatographic test for the screening of urine collected postmortem to assess for the presence of barbiturates, specifically pentobarbital, used for euthanasia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211070539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T23:32:41Z","timestamp":1641857561000},"page":"226-230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of a human urine barbiturate test to screen for pentobarbital euthanasia of dogs and cats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6794-6592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam W.","family":"Stern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manavi","family":"Muralidhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida Racing Laboratory, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10406387211070539","unstructured":"Alere (Abbott Rapid Diagnostics). One step drug screen test card: package insert for single and multi drug screen test cards, 2013 Nov 19. https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0383\/1229\/files\/Alere_One_Step_Drug_Screen_Test_Card_Packag_Insert.pdf?7464237145485545649"},{"key":"bibr2-10406387211070539","unstructured":"Geanous J. Vet wrongly killed family\u2019s pet Dachshund instead of other dog with same name. Metro, 2019 Dec 12. https:\/\/metro.co.uk\/2019\/12\/12\/vet-accidentally-euthanized-familys-pet-dachshund-instead-of-other-dog-with-same-name-11822434\/"},{"key":"bibr3-10406387211070539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0179-5"},{"key":"bibr4-10406387211070539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328042bacb"},{"key":"bibr5-10406387211070539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0859-1"},{"key":"bibr6-10406387211070539","unstructured":"Humane Society of the United States (HSUS). Sodium pentobarbital. In: Euthanasia Reference Manual. 2nd ed. HSUS, 2013:4\u20135. https:\/\/humanepro.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/euthanasia-reference-manual.pdf"},{"key":"bibr7-10406387211070539","unstructured":"Johnson AB, Sadiq NM. Pentobarbital. StatPearls Publishing, 2020. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK545288\/"},{"key":"bibr8-10406387211070539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1975183356"},{"key":"bibr9-10406387211070539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/QHJCKA4235EGPEGF"},{"key":"bibr10-10406387211070539","unstructured":"Medscape. Pentobarbital (Rx). [cited 2020 Oct 14]. https:\/\/reference.medscape.com\/drug\/nembutal-pentobarbital-342923"},{"key":"bibr11-10406387211070539","unstructured":"Montgomery-Dupe S. Cape Breton veterinarian who euthanized healthy dog received reprimands dating back to 1992. The Chronicle Herald, 2020 Oct 14. https:\/\/www.thechronicleherald.ca\/news\/provincial\/cape-breton-veterinarian-who-euthanized-healthy-dog-received-reprimands-dating-back-to-1992-509329\/"},{"key":"bibr12-10406387211070539","unstructured":"Parker TJ. Cat accidentally gets euthanized during vet visit, family says. ABC 13, 2020 Jan 17. https:\/\/abc13.com\/suburbia-north-animal-hospital-cat-accidentally-given-euthanasia-instead-of-vaccine-spring-killed-at\/5859352\/"},{"key":"bibr13-10406387211070539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/0450059"},{"key":"bibr14-10406387211070539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14577"},{"key":"bibr15-10406387211070539","unstructured":"U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). Drug fact sheet: barbiturates, 2020 Apr. https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-06\/Barbiturates-2020_0.pdf"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387211070539","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10406387211070539","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387211070539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:25:14Z","timestamp":1777681514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10406387211070539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10406387211070539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387211070539","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]}}}