{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:47:53Z","timestamp":1791863273515,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016512","name":"center for companion animal health, university of california, davis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Several plants that contain indolizidine alkaloids, including swainsonine, are toxic to livestock, causing dysfunctional lysosomes and storage disease. Swainsonine induces a neurovisceral disease, known as locoism, in sheep, goats, and cattle, which occurs in several parts of the world, including, but not limited to, the western United States, China, and parts of Australia. In South America, locoism has been described in the Andean region of Argentina affecting sheep, cattle, and llamas. Intoxication by consumption of Astragalus punae was suspected in 4 llamas in Jujuy Province, northwestern Argentina. The grazing area contained abundant specimens of A. punae. The clinical course was ~15\u2009d, and included moderate ataxia, incoordination of hindlimbs, and progressive loss of body condition. Microscopically, fine cytoplasmic microvacuolation was observed in the proximal convoluted renal tubules. Ultrastructurally, these changes consisted of severely dilated lysosomes. Swainsonine was detected in stem and leaf samples of A. punae at a concentration of 0.06%. Based on clinical history and signs, histologic and ultrastructural changes, and plant analysis, a diagnosis of swainsonine toxicosis caused by consumption of A. punae was made, which has not been reported previously, to our knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387221094272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]],"date-time":"2022-05-07T02:13:55Z","timestamp":1651889635000},"page":"674-678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Intoxication of llamas by\n                    <i>Astragalus punae<\/i>\n                    in Argentina"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Raul E.","family":"Marin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale R.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture\u2013Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anibal G.","family":"Armien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davis, branches, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9e H.","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Darwinion Botanic Institute, National Council of Scientific Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino, branches, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10406387221094272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2326409813517663"},{"key":"bibr2-10406387221094272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.09.014"},{"key":"bibr3-10406387221094272","first-page":"649","volume":"191","author":"Dorling PR","year":"1980","journal-title":"Swainsona canescens"},{"key":"bibr4-10406387221094272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010596p"},{"key":"bibr5-10406387221094272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638715625729"},{"key":"bibr6-10406387221094272","first-page":"313","volume":"22","author":"Gomez-Sosa E","year":"1979","journal-title":"Darwiniana"},{"key":"bibr7-10406387221094272","first-page":"43","volume":"11","author":"G\u00f3mez-Sosa E","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arnaldoa"},{"key":"bibr8-10406387221094272","volume":"28","author":"Johnston IM","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Arnold Arbor"},{"key":"bibr9-10406387221094272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720914338"},{"key":"bibr10-10406387221094272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.11.303"},{"key":"bibr11-10406387221094272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711425948"},{"key":"bibr12-10406387221094272","first-page":"72","volume":"4","author":"Micheloud JF","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Poisonous Plant Res"},{"key":"bibr13-10406387221094272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2016.12.011"},{"key":"bibr14-10406387221094272","unstructured":"Ministerio de Producci\u00f3n de la Provincia de Jujuy. Plan Estrat\u00e9gico Productivo Jujuy 2011\u20132020. Sector 4: ovino y cam\u00e9lido [Strategic Production Plan Jujuy 2011\u20132020. Area 4: ovine and camelid]. Edici\u00f3n: Gabriela Tijman, 2017:243\u2013259. 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