{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T22:01:01Z","timestamp":1793397661647,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653091200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"national science foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF-DMS-1737943, NSF DMS-2027248, and NSF CCF-193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF-DMS-1737943, NSF DMS-2027248, and NSF CCF-193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a life-threatening, zoonotic disease with various clinical presentations, including renal injury, hepatic injury, pancreatitis, and pulmonary hemorrhage. With prompt recognition of the disease and treatment, 90% of infected dogs have a positive outcome. Therefore, rapid, early diagnosis of leptospirosis is crucial. Testing for Leptospira-specific serum antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) lacks sensitivity early in the disease process, and diagnosis can take &gt;2 wk because of the need to demonstrate a rise in titer. We applied machine-learning algorithms to clinical variables from the first day of hospitalization to create machine-learning prediction models (MLMs). The models incorporated patient signalment, clinicopathologic data (CBC, serum chemistry profile, and urinalysis = blood work [BW] model), with or without a MAT titer obtained at patient intake (=BW + MAT model). The models were trained with data from 91 dogs with confirmed leptospirosis and 322 dogs without leptospirosis. Once trained, the models were tested with a cohort of dogs not included in the model training (9 leptospirosis-positive and 44 leptospirosis-negative dogs), and performance was assessed. Both models predicted leptospirosis in the test set with 100% sensitivity (95% CI: 70.1\u2013100%). Specificity was 90.9% (95% CI: 78.8\u201396.4%) and 93.2% (95% CI: 81.8\u201397.7%) for the BW and BW + MAT models, respectively. Our MLMs outperformed traditional acute serologic screening and can provide accurate early screening for the probable diagnosis of leptospirosis in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387221096781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T04:40:17Z","timestamp":1653108017000},"page":"612-621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Use of machine-learning algorithms to aid in the early detection of leptospirosis in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3426-6352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystle L.","family":"Reagan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaofeng","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Mathematics, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junda","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Mathematics, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7084-7678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara N.","family":"Huebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise A.","family":"Wenke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Michalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Strohmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Mathematics, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Sykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.371"},{"key":"bibr2-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.02.055"},{"key":"bibr3-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-2230-0"},{"key":"bibr4-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03640.x"},{"key":"bibr5-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/130385.130401."},{"key":"bibr6-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-43-2-110"},{"key":"bibr7-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.06.009"},{"key":"bibr8-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.10.1373"},{"key":"bibr9-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.3.293"},{"key":"bibr10-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110404316"},{"key":"bibr11-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00324.x"},{"key":"bibr12-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02886.x"},{"key":"bibr13-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.1230"},{"key":"bibr14-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.258.6.616"},{"key":"bibr15-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12718"},{"key":"bibr16-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101987"},{"key":"bibr17-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12335"},{"key":"bibr18-10406387221096781","first-page":"251","volume":"129","author":"Llewellyn J-R","year":"2016","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"bibr19-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12337"},{"key":"bibr20-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02921.x"},{"key":"bibr21-10406387221096781","first-page":"787","volume":"22","author":"Miller MD","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"bibr22-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.050809"},{"key":"bibr23-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005940"},{"key":"bibr24-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-0991-2"},{"key":"bibr25-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0063.x"},{"key":"bibr26-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13930"},{"key":"bibr27-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2148-6"},{"key":"bibr28-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228038"},{"key":"bibr29-10406387221096781","unstructured":"Staff. Leptospirosis in dogs in Los Angeles County in 2021. [cited 2021 Sept 17]. http:\/\/www.publichealth.lacounty.gov\/vet\/Leptospirosis2021.htm"},{"key":"bibr30-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.11.1657"},{"key":"bibr31-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0654.x"},{"key":"bibr32-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.9.1316"},{"key":"bibr33-10406387221096781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1977.26.970"},{"key":"bibr34-10406387221096781","volume":"318","author":"Younes-Ibrahim M","year":"1995","journal-title":"C R Acad Sci III"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387221096781","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10406387221096781","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387221096781","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387221096781","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:25:40Z","timestamp":1777681540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10406387221096781"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10406387221096781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387221096781","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]}}}