{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:40:57Z","timestamp":1777930857659,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastrointestinal disorders are among the most common disease processes in captive elephants. Colic is a frequent clinical presentation and may have several infectious and noninfectious causes. Ingestion of sand has been reported in elephants living in enclosures with loose sandy soils. Similar to the situation in horses, sand ingestion can cause intestinal impaction and colic in elephants. Here we describe a case of colonic sand impaction with cecal rupture and peritonitis in an African savanna elephant from a zoologic collection that died after several days of colic. On autopsy, abundant, gritty, sandy material was found within a segment of colon immediately aboral to the cecum. There was a full-thickness tear in the cecal wall, free intestinal contents within the abdominal cavity, and peritonitis. To our knowledge, the postmortem examination of an elephant with sand impaction and cecal rupture has not been reported previously; this condition should be included among the differential diagnoses in elephants with colic. We review the reports of noninfectious causes of gastrointestinal disease in elephants, which include cases of small intestinal and colonic torsion and of intestinal obstruction by fecal boluses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387221130024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T01:27:21Z","timestamp":1668821241000},"page":"47-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Colonic sand impaction with cecal rupture and peritonitis in an adult African savanna elephant, and review of noninfectious causes of gastrointestinal disease in elephants"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Tamires G. W.","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2740-1010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Streitenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5508-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika A.","family":"Samol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5043-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eileen E.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6178-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Asin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Paulista State University, Botucatu, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10406387221130024","unstructured":"Association of Zoos and Aquariums. AZA standards for elephant management and care. In: The Accreditation Standards & Related Policies, 2022. [cited 2022 Mar 21]. https:\/\/assets.speakcdn.com\/assets\/2332\/aza-accreditation-standards.pdf"},{"key":"bibr2-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.20.618"},{"key":"bibr3-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.04.025"},{"key":"bibr4-10406387221130024","unstructured":"Chandrasekharan K, et al. Review of the incidence, etiology, and control of common diseases of Asian elephants with special reference to Kerala. In: Ajitkumar G, et al. eds. Healthcare Management of Captive Asian Elephants. Kerala Agricultural University, 2009:92\u2013100. http:\/\/elephantcare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Healthcare-Management-of-Captive-Asian-Elephants-India.pdf"},{"key":"bibr5-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20094852"},{"key":"bibr6-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-006-0064-0"},{"key":"bibr7-10406387221130024","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Current Therapy in Equine Medicine","author":"Colahan P","year":"1987","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr8-10406387221130024","first-page":"546","volume":"163","author":"Decker RA","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr9-10406387221130024","volume":"5","author":"Dubin K","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"bibr10-10406387221130024","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Biology, Medicine and Surgery of Elephants","volume":"2006","author":"Dumonceaux GA"},{"key":"bibr11-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217774"},{"key":"bibr12-10406387221130024","first-page":"281","volume":"71","author":"Fagan D","year":"2001","journal-title":"Zool Gart"},{"key":"bibr13-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.46-1-97"},{"key":"bibr14-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33687\/zoobiol.002.01.2217"},{"key":"bibr15-10406387221130024","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"Greene W","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Zoo Aquar Res"},{"key":"bibr16-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12014"},{"key":"bibr17-10406387221130024","unstructured":"Khadpekar Y, et al. Clinical management of intestinal impaction and colic in an Asian elephant. Gajah 2020;51:26\u201330. https:\/\/www.asesg.org\/PDFfiles\/2020\/51-26-Khadpekar.pdf"},{"key":"bibr18-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12898-016-0105-9"},{"key":"bibr19-10406387221130024","first-page":"15","volume":"40","author":"Kuruwita VY","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sri Lanka Vet J"},{"key":"bibr20-10406387221130024","first-page":"413","volume-title":"Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals","volume":"2018","author":"Landolfi JA"},{"key":"bibr21-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/614690"},{"key":"bibr22-10406387221130024","first-page":"41","volume":"46","author":"Nouvel J","year":"1946","journal-title":"Rev Pathol Comp Hyg Gen"},{"key":"bibr23-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.18-023"},{"key":"bibr24-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0177R.1"},{"key":"bibr25-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000564"},{"key":"bibr26-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0020"},{"key":"bibr27-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195107784.001.0001","volume-title":"The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation","author":"Sukumar R","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr28-10406387221130024","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals","volume":"2","author":"Uzal FA","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr29-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1996.tb09956.x"},{"key":"bibr30-10406387221130024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2011-0088.1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387221130024","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10406387221130024","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387221130024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:26:05Z","timestamp":1777681565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10406387221130024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10406387221130024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387221130024","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]}}}