{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:15:25Z","timestamp":1784830525238,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In animals, salmonellosis is seen typically as enteritis and\/or septicemia. Subclinical infection also occurs, and outwardly healthy animals can serve as reservoirs of infection. Reports of salmonellosis in elephants are rare, limited to a few serovars, and the gross and microscopic lesions of enteric salmonellosis in this species have not been described in detail. We present here, in 2 elephants in managed care settings, cases of salmonellosis that resulted from infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Muenchen and S. enterica serovar Montevideo, serovars that have not been described previously as the cause of salmonellosis in elephants, to our knowledge. We also review the literature on salmonellosis in elephants. Animal A, an adult Asian elephant that was euthanized because of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, had multifocal, necrotizing, suppurative enterocolitis, and necrotizing gastritis. Animal B, an adult African elephant with chronic, recurrent colic, followed by death, had necrotizing typhlocolitis. The origin of infection was not determined in either case. The animals came from different facilities and did not have a common feed source. Previously reported cases of salmonellosis in elephants were caused by Salmonella Dublin, Salmonella Typhimurium, or Salmonella Enteritidis. The definitive diagnosis of salmonellosis is made based on compatible gross and microscopic lesions, coupled with the detection of Salmonella spp. in the affected tissues. Effective biosecurity should be adopted to minimize the risk of salmonellosis in elephants in managed care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387231159371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T04:24:30Z","timestamp":1678422270000},"page":"295-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Salmonellosis in elephants in managed care: report of 2 cases and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7139-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Mac\u00edas-Rioseco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulare Branch Laboratories, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennine","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulare Branch Laboratories, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6178-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"As\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Bernardino Branch Laboratories, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Moeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulare Branch Laboratories, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Bernardino Branch Laboratories, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.7.2465-2467.2000"},{"key":"bibr2-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00081-6"},{"key":"bibr3-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-71.12.2436"},{"key":"bibr4-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20094852"},{"key":"bibr5-10406387231159371","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals","volume":"2023","author":"Clarke RC","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr6-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.72.4.743"},{"key":"bibr7-10406387231159371","unstructured":"Emanuelson KA, Kinzley CE. Salmonellosis and subsequent abortion in two African elephants (\n                      Loxodonta africanus\n                      ). Proc Int Assoc Aquat Anim Med; 2000:269\u2013274. https:\/\/www.vin.com\/doc\/?id=3980469"},{"key":"bibr8-10406387231159371","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Biology, Medicine and Surgery of Elephants","volume":"2006","author":"Fowler ME","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr9-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.5.2396"},{"key":"bibr10-10406387231159371","first-page":"1450","volume":"185","author":"Janssen DL","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr11-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1592280"},{"key":"bibr12-10406387231159371","first-page":"413","volume-title":"Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals","volume":"2018","author":"Landolfi JA","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr13-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.08.009"},{"key":"bibr14-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00270"},{"key":"bibr15-10406387231159371","first-page":"95","volume":"46","author":"Mbise AN","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull Anim Health Prod Afr"},{"key":"bibr16-10406387231159371","first-page":"505","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals","volume":"2001","author":"M\u00f6rner T","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr17-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.10.3.568"},{"key":"bibr18-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3782182"},{"key":"bibr19-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858211005537"},{"key":"bibr20-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0020"},{"key":"bibr21-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.115.15.391"},{"key":"bibr22-10406387231159371","first-page":"202","volume-title":"Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease","volume":"2022","author":"Stanton JB","edition":"7"},{"key":"bibr23-10406387231159371","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals","volume":"2","author":"Uzal FA","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr24-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02360113"},{"key":"bibr25-10406387231159371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)34691-2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387231159371","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10406387231159371","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387231159371","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:26:23Z","timestamp":1777681583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10406387231159371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10406387231159371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387231159371","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]}}}