{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T11:45:01Z","timestamp":1792237501113,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Published information about fish botulism is scant. We review here the current literature on fish botulism. Freshwater fish are susceptible to botulism. Only anecdotal evidence exists about possible botulism cases in saltwater fish. With only a few exceptions, the etiology of all cases of fish botulism reported is Clostridium botulinum type E, although fish are sensitive to, and may carry, various C. botulinum types. Clinical signs of botulism in fish include loss of equilibrium and motion, abducted opercula, open mouths, dark pigmentation, and head up\/tail down orientation in which attempts to swim result in breaching the surface of the water. Dark pigmentation is thought to be associated with acetylcholine imbalance in botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-affected fish. Rarely, but similar to the situation in other animal species, fish can recover from botulism. Fish botulism can cause secondary outbreaks of the disease in birds, as botulism-affected fish stand out from normal fish, and are selectively preyed upon by fish-eating birds, which thus become intoxicated by the BoNT present in sick fish. The source of BoNT in fish has not been definitively confirmed. Fish may ingest C. botulinum spores that then germinate in their digestive tract, but the possibility that fish ingest preformed BoNT from the environment (e.g., dead fish, shellfish, insects) cannot be ruled out. The presumptive diagnosis of botulism in fish is established based on clinical signs, and as in other species, confirmation should be based on detection of BoNT in intestinal content, liver, and\/or serum of affected fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387241236725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T08:28:06Z","timestamp":1710145686000},"page":"312-318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Botulism in fish: a review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System\u2013San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5043-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eileen","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System\u2013San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6178-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Asin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System\u2013San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10406387241236725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-61.3.324"},{"key":"bibr2-10406387241236725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.91.3.919-924.1966"},{"key":"bibr3-10406387241236725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.3.471"},{"key":"bibr4-10406387241236725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410701364562"},{"key":"bibr5-10406387241236725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.1982.tb00495.x"},{"key":"bibr6-10406387241236725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00139-20"},{"key":"bibr7-10406387241236725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08997659.2012.675935"},{"key":"bibr8-10406387241236725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713519642"},{"key":"bibr9-10406387241236725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8050132"},{"key":"bibr10-10406387241236725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins MD, East AK. 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