{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:12:55Z","timestamp":1785521575600,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Clostridium spiroforme has been associated with spontaneous and antibiotic-associated enteric disease ( C. spiroforme\u2013associated enteric disease, CSAED) in rabbits, which is clinically characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, or sudden death. Diagnosis is usually based on gross and microscopic lesions, coupled with finding the characteristic coiled bacteria in intestinal smears. Isolation of C. spiroforme is often challenging, and a PCR protocol has been developed. We reviewed 32 cases of CSAED submitted for autopsy to the Davis, Tulare, and Turlock laboratories of CAHFS between 1992 and 2019. The reported gross findings were soiling of the perineum, tail, and\/or hind legs with diarrhea (16 of 32); gastric (16 of 32), small intestinal (6 of 32), cecal (15 of 32), and\/or colonic (4 of 32) distention with brown-to-green, watery content; and serosal hemorrhages in the cecum (15 of 32). The most common microscopic finding was necrotizing enteritis (19 of 32), followed by cecal mucosal or submucosal edema (8 of 32), necrotizing or pleocellular typhlitis (6 of 32), necrotizing or heterophilic typhlocolitis (6 of 32), and cecal transmural hemorrhages (5 of 32). In all 32 rabbits, typical helically coiled, gram-positive bacilli were observed in fecal or intestinal smears. C. spiroforme was isolated from the intestinal content of 2 of 24 rabbits and detected by PCR assay in 8 of 8 rabbits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387241257676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T09:44:25Z","timestamp":1717667065000},"page":"730-734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<i>Clostridium spiroforme\u2013<\/i>\n                    associated enteric disease in domestic rabbits: a retrospective study of 32 cases in California, 1992\u20132019, and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Tuomisto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio A.","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patolog\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5641-0883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio S.","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Diagnosis, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Oliver-Guimer\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"branches, and Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Isabel","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"branches, and Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Keel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"branches, and Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6178-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Asin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System\u2013San Bernardino, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0667-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"branches, and Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Stoute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turlock, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7612-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asl\u0131","family":"Mete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System\u2013San Bernardino, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10406387241257676","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agnoletti F, et al. 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