{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:40:09Z","timestamp":1792010409216,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A free-ranging, adult female two-toed sloth ( Choloepus hoffmanni) was brought to a wildlife rescue center in Costa Rica with ocular and auricular myiasis and numerous skin lesions. After one month of unsuccessful systemic and topical antimicrobial treatment, the patient died. A postmortem examination was performed, and tissues were examined histologically, confirming disseminated amebic infection with intralesional trophozoites and cysts in the lungs, liver, eye, heart, spleen, and stomach. Immunohistochemistry identified the ameba as Acanthamoeba sp. A multiplex real-time PCR assay, 18S ribosomal DNA PCR, and sequencing performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue confirmed the Acanthamoeba T17 genotype. The Acanthamoeba genus is in the group of free-living amebas that cause infection in humans and animals, and it is ubiquitous in the environment. Acanthamoeba T17 has been isolated from water and soil, but to our knowledge, this genotype has not been implicated in infections of animals previously and has not been reported from Costa Rica. Systemic Acanthamoeba infection has not been described in sloths previously. We provide a comprehensive literature review describing infections by free-living amebas of the genus Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia spp., and Naegleria spp. in domestic, zoo, and wild mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387241292346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T05:59:44Z","timestamp":1730267984000},"page":"164-172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Systemic\n                    <i>Acanthamoeba<\/i>\n                    T17 infection in a free-ranging two-toed sloth: case report and literature review of infections by free-living amebas in mammals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0744-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Felipe","family":"Barrantes Murillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Berrocal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda, Histopatovet, Heredia, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibne Karim M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Free-Living and Intestinal Amebas (FLIA) Laboratory, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California\u2013Davis, San Bernardino, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10406387241292346","unstructured":"Abdul Basher MHB. 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