{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:41:49Z","timestamp":1777930909840,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733270400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lymphoproliferative disorders of natural killer (NK)-cell lineage are well documented in humans but have yet to be documented in non-human primates (NHPs). Here we describe a case of NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorder\/leukemia in a 20-y-old captive female rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta). The animal clinically had mild splenomegaly and marked lymphocytosis with small-to-medium lymphocytes in blood smears. By flow cytometry and cluster differentiation, the lymphocytes were CD3-negative, CD8-positive, CD4-negative, and CD20-negative for cell surface markers; immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of intracellular CD3 and granzyme B. This immunoprofile is consistent with a NK-cell phenotype. Histologically, these cells were predominantly intravascular within the splenic red pulp, liver sinusoids, and to a lesser degree bone marrow. Oncogenic viruses, such as Mason-Pfizer monkey viruses (MPMV; formerly, and commonly known as, simian retroviruses or SRV; Retroviridae, Betaretrovirus maspfimon); simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV; Retroviridae, Lentivirus simimdef), and primate T-lymphotropic virus 1 (PTLV1; commonly known as simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1, STLV1; Retroviridae, Deltaretrovirus priTlym1), were not detected in this animal by serology. Immunohistochemistry using EBNA2 antibody to detect rhesus and cynomolgus monkey lymphocryptovirus (McGHV4\/RLV and McGHV10 respectively; Orthoherpesviridae, Lymphocryptovirus macacinegamma4 and Lymphocryptovirus macacinegamma13, respectively) was negative. Together these findings are consistent with a diagnosis of naturally occurring NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorder has not been reported previously in rhesus macaques, to our knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387241297087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T11:02:16Z","timestamp":1733310136000},"page":"155-159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spontaneous natural killer cell lymphoproliferative disorder in a rhesus macaque"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8874-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marietta V.","family":"Barro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Center, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8893-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura M.","family":"Garzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Center, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8559-3591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah I.","family":"Keesler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Laboratories, Reno, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4228-928X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerriann M.","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3894-0981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine J.","family":"Olstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Center, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10406387241297087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01620-2"},{"key":"bibr2-10406387241297087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19990901)37:1<41::AID-CYTO5>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"bibr3-10406387241297087","first-page":"57","volume":"58","author":"Carville A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"bibr4-10406387241297087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714532339"},{"key":"bibr5-10406387241297087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589202900622"},{"key":"bibr6-10406387241297087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.821382"},{"key":"bibr7-10406387241297087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.384"},{"key":"bibr8-10406387241297087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088922200309502"},{"key":"bibr9-10406387241297087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirata A, et al. Spontaneous T\/NK-cell lymphoma associated with simian lymphocryptovirus in a Japanese macaque (\n                      Macaca fuscata\n                      ). J Comp Pathol 2013;148:43\u201346.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2012.05.001"},{"key":"bibr10-10406387241297087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12102900"},{"key":"bibr11-10406387241297087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0684.2001.300601.x"},{"key":"bibr12-10406387241297087","first-page":"325","volume-title":"Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research. Vol. 2: Diseases","volume":"2012","author":"Miller AD","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr13-10406387241297087","first-page":"385","volume":"391","author":"M\u00fche J","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"bibr14-10406387241297087","unstructured":"National Research Council (US). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. 8th ed. The National Academies Press, 2011. https:\/\/grants.nih.gov\/grants\/olaw\/guide-for-the-care-and-use-of-laboratory-animals.pdf"},{"key":"bibr15-10406387241297087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.54.101"},{"key":"bibr16-10406387241297087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02147.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387241297087","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10406387241297087","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387241297087","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:27:57Z","timestamp":1777681677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10406387241297087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10406387241297087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387241297087","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]}}}