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Nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) is the nasal mucosal immune system that protects against various pathogens; however, reports on its pathology are limited. We compared the pathologic impact of BRDC-related viruses on the NALT and lungs of 10 pneumonic and 3 negative control Japanese black (JB) calves. Three bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) persistently infected Holstein calves were examined as positive control; all 3 calves had BVDV in situ hybridization (ISH)-positive signals in NALT follicular macrophages and lymphocytes, suggesting viral replication in these cells. NALT and lungs of pneumonic JB calves had weak-positive BVDV results in PCR and negative results in ISH, indicating late-stage transient BVDV infection. The finding of BVDV in unvaccinated pneumonic JB calves confirmed the involvement of a BVDV field strain. PCR detection of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in NALT along with ISH BCoV-positive signals in NALT epithelial cells confirms infection by those viruses. Pneumonic JB calves had nasopharyngitis and pneumonia, with the same bacteria present in nasopharyngeal swabs and lungs, indicating that, in these animals, the bacteria proliferating in the nasopharynx probably migrated to the lungs via inhalation. BVDV transient infection in the NALT may induce local immunosuppression; BCoV and BRSV infections are thought to damage epithelial cells, facilitating bacterial infection of the NALT and lungs. Our results confirm that bovine NALT is a location for viral replication and may be associated with BRDC development in cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387251318415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T23:14:46Z","timestamp":1739834086000},"page":"284-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Detection of bovine respiratory disease complex\u2013related pathogens in nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Asmaa A.","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El-Beheira, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutsumi","family":"Nakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoyuki","family":"Fuke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaal E.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miyazaki Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Miyazaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8535-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Hirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070701"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.4.3255-3258.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11100493"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(01)00359-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(98)00222-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810372509"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.6.1454-1457.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/472460"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2003.02311.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12935\/jvma.71.179"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-00359-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142479"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12597"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2010.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1990.51.12.1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870201400406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1999.60.10.1227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.4.97-03017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817947.ch12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.83"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"154","article-title":"Persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in cattle herds","volume":"18","author":"Khodakaram-Tafti A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khodakaram-Tafti A, et al. 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