{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:42:21Z","timestamp":1777930941068,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nine days after a surgical intervention due to an injury of the left hind hoof capsule, a 9-y-old, 538-kg female Wielkopolski horse was found recumbent in its stall with an unplugged permanent intravenous catheter positioned in the left jugular vein. Despite immediate resuscitation attempts, the animal died within minutes. Suspecting venous air embolism, radiographic imaging and detailed postmortem examinations were performed. However, visualization of the heart by radiography was hindered by the animal\u2019s body mass and postmortem changes. The autopsy followed a modified Richter method, originally developed for diagnosing air embolism in humans. The horse was positioned in left lateral recumbency to allow in situ access to the atria and venous sinuses. Gas bubbles observed in the right atrium and ventricle confirmed venous air embolism as the cause of death. Venous air embolism is a rarely documented cause of death in veterinary pathology. We present here an autopsy protocol for diagnosis of venous air embolism in large animals, which is primarily a macroscopic diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387251362462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T04:50:26Z","timestamp":1755838226000},"page":"948-951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Postmortem diagnosis of venous air embolism in a Wielkopolski horse"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1485-8043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna M.","family":"Majcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Troillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"T\u00f6nnies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Brehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9403-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reiner","family":"Ulrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140050153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00194-021-00528-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20170402"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Med","author":"Gittel C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gittel C, et al Klinik und Verlauf bei zwei Pferden mit vermuteter ven\u00f6ser Luftembolie [Clinical presentation and short-term outcome in two horses with suspected air embolism]. Pferdeheilkunde Equine Med 2016;32:223\u2013230. German."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00667733"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2004047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0720-048X(95)00683-H"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00194-007-0477-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"593","volume-title":"Clin Vet","author":"Lapolla L.","year":"1934","unstructured":"Lapolla L. Sulla patogenesi della morte per penetrazione di aria nelle vene [On the pathogenesis of death due to air entering the veins]. Clin Vet 1934;57:593\u2013606. Italian."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"419","article-title":"Complications - induction, maintenance and recovery phases of anesthesia","volume":"1991","author":"Muir W","unstructured":"Muir W. Complications - induction, maintenance and recovery phases of anesthesia. In: WW Muir & JAE Hubbel, eds. Equine Anesthesia: monitoring and Emergency Therapy. Mosby, 1991:419\u2013443.","journal-title":"Equine Anesthesia: monitoring and Emergency Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"296","volume-title":"Gerichts\u00e4rztliche Untersuchungen und polizei\u00e4rztliche Technik","author":"Richter M.","year":"1914","unstructured":"Richter M. Die Untersuchung bei pl\u00f6tzlichen Todesf\u00e4llen [The sudden death investigation]. In: T Lochte, ed. Gerichts\u00e4rztliche Untersuchungen und polizei\u00e4rztliche Technik [Forensic medical examinations and police medical techniques]. Bergmann, 1914:296\u2013325. 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