{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:42:20Z","timestamp":1777930940320,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"SCWDS is also supported by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service National Wildlife Refuge System and the United States Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area."},{"name":"Financial support of this study was provided by the National Wild Turkey Federation with specific thanks to Mark Hatfield"},{"name":"Multistate Conservation Grant","award":["F23AP00420-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F23AP00420-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Diagnosis of lymphoid hyperplasia and neoplasia due to lymphoproliferative disease virus (LPDV;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Retroviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Alpharetrovirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infection in turkeys is challenging due to histopathologic similarities with nonspecific inflammation and cellular responses to other retroviral infections. Localization of LPDV RNA or protein antigens within affected tissues, which has previously not been shown, would allow for more definitive diagnoses. We evaluated formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 32 turkeys, including 15 naturally infected wild turkeys, 11 experimentally infected domestic turkeys, and 6 uninfected wild and domestic turkeys, using RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). ISH probes targeted a segment of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gag<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, and IHC antibodies were designed to recognize the capsid protein. Tissues from 4 infected turkeys were subjected to concurrent ISH and IHC labeling. All infected turkeys had ISH and IHC cytoplasmic and\/or nuclear labeling of lymphocytes in at least one tissue, including within lymphoid tumors. ISH labeling was widely scattered in lymphocytes, whereas IHC labeling distribution was more limited. Spleen consistently exhibited the strongest and most widespread ISH and IHC labeling in both wild and domestic turkeys. Labeled lymphocytes typically were localized to splenic germinal centers and around periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths in the thymic cortex. Lymphocytes occasionally had simultaneous ISH and IHC labeling in selected cases. No uninfected turkeys had ISH or IHC labeling. Our 2 methods of LPDV detection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues can aid in distinguishing lymphoid proliferation due to LPDV from other etiologies and further characterize pathogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387251368309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T10:00:56Z","timestamp":1762855256000},"page":"41-49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Detection of lymphoproliferative disease virus in domestic and wild turkeys through RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2181-018X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe C.","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"},{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayla G.","family":"Adcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0971-1215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Allison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic &amp; Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Poulson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark G.","family":"Ruder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5931-175X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"},{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Avian Histopathology","author":"Abdul-Aziz T","unstructured":"Abdul-Aziz T, Fletcher OJ. Lymphoid system. In: Abdul-Aziz T, et al., eds. Avian Histopathology. 4th ed. American Association of Avian Pathologists, 2016:17\u201371.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0037.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.11.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457808418265"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.1287"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Lymphoid neoplasia in pet birds: a review","volume":"9","author":"Coleman CW.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Coleman CW. Lymphoid neoplasia in pet birds: a review. J Avian Med Surg 1995;9:3\u20137.","journal-title":"J Avian Med Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-22-00023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2015-05-129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910290518"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858211002180"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858241231558"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-19-00102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457808418266"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985819864306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"1483","article-title":"Morphologic characterization of proliferative cells and virus-particles in turkeys with lymphoproliferative disease","volume":"62","author":"Perk K","year":"1979","unstructured":"Perk K, et al. Morphologic characterization of proliferative cells and virus-particles in turkeys with lymphoproliferative disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1979;62:1483\u20131487.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00152"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.1280"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","article-title":"Detection of lymphoproliferative disease virus in Iowa wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo): comparison of two sections of the proviral genome","volume":"19","author":"Smith KC","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smith KC, Blanchong JA. Detection of lymphoproliferative disease virus in Iowa wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo): comparison of two sections of the proviral genome. PLoS One 2024;19:e0296856.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2011.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"625","volume-title":"Disease of Poultry","author":"Zavala G","unstructured":"Zavala G, Venugopal N. Reticuloendotheliosis. In: Swayne DE, et al., eds. Disease of Poultry. 14th ed. Vol. 1. Wiley, 2020:625\u2013636.","edition":"14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458308436152"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387251368309","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10406387251368309","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387251368309","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:29:12Z","timestamp":1777681752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10406387251368309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10406387251368309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387251368309","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]}}}