{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:49:36Z","timestamp":1791528576157,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Interstitial and bronchointerstitial pneumonias of undetermined etiology in young foals are relatively common in autopsy services with an equine focus. Unknown viruses, toxins, hyperthermia, surfactant or alveolar macrophage function deficiency, certain antibiotics, and aberrant responses to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rhodococcus equi<\/jats:italic>\n                    or other bacteria have been proposed as causes. We performed a retrospective study of autopsies on foals with a diagnosis of interstitial or bronchointerstitial pneumonia with an unidentified etiology. Forty-one foals (median age: 3-mo-old) were included. Most were received in summer (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200928) and spring (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910). The most frequently reported clinical signs were dyspnea and\/or tachypnea (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200928) and fever (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200919). Antibiotic treatment was reported in 21 cases, and the most frequently used antibiotics were penicillin (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099) and gentamicin (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098). Grossly, most of the lungs were diffusely rubbery-to-firm (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200935) and did not collapse (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200922). Histologically, combinations of exudative (E; hyaline membranes), proliferative (P; type II pneumocyte hyperplasia), and fibrotic (F; fibroplasia) phases were common (E\u2009+\u2009P,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915; E\u2009+\u2009P\u2009+\u2009F,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913) in the interstitial component. Necrosis of the bronchiolar epithelium was rare (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094), concurrent suppurative bronchopneumonia was common (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200922), and a few foals (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095) had pulmonary pyogranulomas.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. organisms were observed in 8 cases using Grocott\u2013Gomori methenamine silver stain. Bacteria were recovered from the lungs in 22 cases, with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097) and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096) being the most common isolates. No unequivocal viral causes were identified during the regular diagnostic work-up and after using novel diagnostic approaches such as herpesvirus consensus PCR and viral metagenomics in a subset of the cases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387251410524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T06:25:08Z","timestamp":1769754308000},"page":"784-791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interstitial pneumonias of undetermined etiology in foals in California, 1990\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6178-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Asin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Bernardino laboratories, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5115-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Carvallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar A.","family":"Gonzales-Viera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davis laboratories, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7139-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Mac\u00edas-Rioseco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulare laboratories, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2740-1010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Streitenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davis laboratories, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Abdelrazek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2932-7229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"Crossley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davis laboratories, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Pesavento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Bernardino laboratories, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02917.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081612"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"664","article-title":"Isolation of equine herpesvirus type 2 from foals with respiratory disease","volume":"8","author":"Ames TR","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ames TR, et al Isolation of equine herpesvirus type 2 from foals with respiratory disease. 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