{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T03:26:24Z","timestamp":1793417184123,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009168","name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype 3.13, was first confirmed in dairy cattle in March 2024 in a Texas dairy herd and has since spread to other states, likely via movement of subclinically affected cattle. On 2024 May 5, a backyard poultry farm in Idaho reported sick and dying chickens. This pasture-based farm included 1,100 chickens, 32 ducks, 18 alpacas, 13 yaks, 3 cats, 3 dogs, 1 llama, and 1 goat. Most animals had direct access to a pond filled by the stream bordering the property. Additional dairy premises in the same county had been confirmed with HPAI during the same timeframe. The poultry were depopulated on May 10, the same day the first alpaca abortion was observed. Overall, 4 abortions occurred among the alpacas. In one of the abortions, HPAI A(H5N1) virus was isolated from fetal tissues. Additional testing documented seroconversion in several alpacas and detection of HPAI A(H5N1) virus in milk from an alpaca with a cria. To our knowledge, HPAI A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b, has not been reported previously in alpacas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387251414557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T07:23:37Z","timestamp":1769757817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus 2.3.4.4b in alpacas"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2795-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Lehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott R.","family":"Leibsle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Industries Division, Idaho State Department of Agriculture, Boise, ID, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Detwiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strategy and Policy, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Gaborick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Field Operations, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"McCoy-Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Field Operations, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Snekvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Lantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mia Kim","family":"Torchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3794-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suelee","family":"Robbe-Austerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2547730"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"637","article-title":"Detection of antibodies to influenza A virus in cattle in association with respiratory disease and reduced milk yield","volume":"143","author":"Brown IH","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brown IH, et al Detection of antibodies to influenza A virus in cattle in association with respiratory disease and reduced milk yield. Vet Rec 1998;143:637\u2013638.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240508"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health. Status and analyses of HPAI-affected livestock herds: September 30 2024 report. U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2024. https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/livestock-poultry-disease\/avian\/avian-influenza\/hpai-livestock\/news-science-updates"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m56-037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"154","article-title":"Myxoviruses and their propagation in the mammary gland of ruminants","volume":"22","author":"Mitchell CA","year":"1958","unstructured":"Mitchell CA, et al Myxoviruses and their propagation in the mammary gland of ruminants. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 1958;22:154\u2013156.","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq0900"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture. Detections of highly pathogenic avian influenza in mammals. 2025. https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/livestock-poultry-disease\/avian\/avian-influenza\/hpai-detections\/mammals"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture. GenoFLU: Advanced H5N1 avian influenza genotyping tool. 2025 Feb 7. https:\/\/github.com\/USDA-VS\/GenoFLU"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture\/National Veterinary Services Laboratories. NVSL-SOP-0068 2024. NAHLN real-time RT-PCR detection of influenza A and avian paramyxovirus type-1 version 6. [cited 2024 Sep 20]. https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/labs\/approved-testing-labs\/aphis-approved-testing-laboratory-documents"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Avian influenza. [accessed 2024 Nov 22]. https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/avian-influenza"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health. Chapter 3.3.4. Avian influenza (including infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses). WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2021:1\u201328. https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/what-we-do\/standards\/codes-and-manuals\/"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387251414557","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10406387251414557","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387251414557","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:29:44Z","timestamp":1777681784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10406387251414557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":12,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10406387251414557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387251414557","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"article-number":"10406387251414557"}}