{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:25:51Z","timestamp":1791440751103,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/11957-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/11957-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.676759\/2022-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.676759\/2022-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Diarrhea is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in foals. Our hypothesis is that foals with diarrhea have a greater prevalence of \u22652 organisms causing coinfections. We investigated the major microorganisms associated with diarrhea in 200 foals up to 1-y-old (100 diarrheic and 100 non-diarrheic). Fecal samples were analyzed by real-time PCR (rtPCR) for the detection of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    and toxin genes\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tcdA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tcdB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    (genotyping for toxin-encoding genes),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rhodococcus equi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lawsonia intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neorickettsia risticii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus durans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. Rotavirus A and coronavirus were detected using reverse-transcription rtPCR. Fecal bacterial culture was also performed for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and isolates were submitted for the detection of toxin-encoding genes (conventional multiplex PCR). At least one enteric agent was detected by rtPCR in 85% and 70% of diarrheic and non-diarrheic foals, respectively. Co-detection was significantly more frequent in the diarrheic group (27 singly detected organisms vs. 58 co-detected organisms) than in the non-diarrheic group (37 singly detected organisms vs. 33 co-detected organisms;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.008).\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    (and toxigenic\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were significantly associated with foal diarrhea. Our detection of multiple agents in diarrheic foals highlights the diagnostic complexity and potential interactions among agents in the multifactorial etiology of foal diarrhea.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387261423226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:14:41Z","timestamp":1773814481000},"page":"918-925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of potential enteric pathogens in diarrheic and non-diarrheic foals in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9517-9036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta Martins","family":"Basso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6074-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabr\u00edcio Moreira","family":"Cerri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pollyana Renn\u00f3 Campos","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0074-2488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Ot\u00e1vio Silveira","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9153-1485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pessoa","family":"de Ara\u00fajo J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Ara\u00fajo J\u00fanior)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9890-2640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Paes de","family":"Oliveira-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos de Figueiredo","family":"Pantoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcio Garcia","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis G.","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Secorun","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Rhodococcus equi enteritis, colonic lymphadenitis, and peritonitis in 3 foals with nonresponsive Rhodococcus equi bronchopneumonia","volume":"14","author":"Baldwin JL","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baldwin JL, et al Rhodococcus equi enteritis, colonic lymphadenitis, and peritonitis in 3 foals with nonresponsive Rhodococcus equi bronchopneumonia. 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