{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:04:34Z","timestamp":1789398274264,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Utah Veterinary diagnostic Laboratory"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    An 11-y-old, female alpaca with a history of sternal recumbency for 3\u2009d before death was submitted for autopsy. Hydrothorax, ascites, hepatomegaly, fibrinous pleuritis, cranioventral bronchopneumonia, pulmonary atelectasis, and firm adipose tissue in the thorax and abdomen were observed grossly. Important microscopic findings included chronic lymphocytic and histiocytic hepatitis with necrosis and portal-to-portal bridging fibrosis, thrombosis in thoracic and abdominal adipose tissue, fibrinosuppurative pleuritis, pyogranulomatous pneumonia, and ulcerative gastritis in C1. Intracellular and extracellular clusters of 2-\u03bcm basophilic protozoal organisms were observed in liver, thoracic and abdominal adipose tissue, pleura, lungs, and C1.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected by real-time PCR in the liver, and tachyzoites within areas of inflammation and necrosis were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Systemic toxoplasmosis occurs most commonly as an acute disease in neonatal or immunocompromised animals. A predisposing cause was not identified in our case. Although\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    seropositivity is common in camelids, clinical disease is extremely rare. Chronic hepatitis is an exceedingly rare lesion of toxoplasmosis. Only one previous report of systemic toxoplasmosis in a South American camelid has been described and involved an adult llama. To our knowledge, fatal toxoplasmosis has not been reported previously in an adult alpaca.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387261430307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T10:31:41Z","timestamp":1773916301000},"page":"1107-1110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systemic toxoplasmosis in an adult alpaca"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4070-1773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Degiovanni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Clinical and Life Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9611-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud J.","family":"Van Wettere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Clinical and Life Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127515"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci11040065"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04128-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211001869"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"233","volume-title":"South American Camelids Research","author":"Cebra CK","unstructured":"Cebra CK, et al. Determination of internal organ weights in llamas and alpacas. In: Gerke M, Renieri C, eds. South American Camelids Research. Vol. 1. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2006:233\u2013236."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12050619"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003199373-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/13-427.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0006R.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-014-0652-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04769-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed1010007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(99)00044-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805306-5.00005-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4121-4125.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104578"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"170","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis en alpacas de la Sierra Altoandina","volume":"15","author":"Su\u00e1rez A","year":"2004","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez A, et al. Toxoplasmosis en alpacas de la Sierra Altoandina [Toxoplasmosis in alpacas from the high Andean region]. Rev Invest Vet Per\u00fa 2004;15:170\u2013173. Spanish.","journal-title":"Rev Invest Vet Per\u00fa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-50934-3.02007-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-5318-4.00007-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.03.024"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387261430307","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10406387261430307","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387261430307","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:17:28Z","timestamp":1789395448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10406387261430307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10406387261430307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387261430307","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]}}}