{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T08:05:05Z","timestamp":1789286705678,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Emphysematous gastritis is a rare, serious infection with very few reported cases in veterinary species. Gas-producing bacteria are most often implicated in both animals and humans. Here, we describe a case of emphysematous gastritis in a 7-y-old dog that was diagnosed with ileus of 12\u2009d, chronic pancreatitis, and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Histologically, the gastric submucosa was markedly expanded by emphysema, and the mucosa had multifocal necrosis, hemorrhage, and gram-positive bacilli. Anaerobic culture of the stomach wall yielded 3+ growth of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . PCR typing identified the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolate as type C, further characterized as a beta2 toxin\u2013producing strain. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using a\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    probe identified bacilli within the gastric mucosa and submucosa.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    type C causes enteritis necroticans in humans and necrohemorrhagic enteritis in livestock when levels of endogenous trypsin are low or dietary levels of trypsin inhibitors are high. The exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in our case likely allowed\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    type C to exert cytotoxic effects on the gastric mucosa and contributed to the unique emphysematous gastritis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387261433461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T09:47:06Z","timestamp":1774086426000},"page":"1097-1101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Clostridium perfringens<\/i>\n                    type C\u2013associated emphysematous gastritis in a dog with pancreatic disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9925-4915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen L.","family":"Shekelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abby","family":"Ostronic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2261-281X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula R.","family":"Giaretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9154-8909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara D.","family":"Lawhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiril M.","family":"Dimitrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3768-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel R.","family":"Rech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","article-title":"Emphysematous gastritis: case report and literature review","volume":"6","author":"Al-Jundi W","year":"2007","unstructured":"Al-Jundi W, Shebl A. 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Can Vet J 2025;66:497\u2013504.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","article-title":"Emphysematous gastritis: a lethal complication in a patient with pancreatitis","volume":"14","author":"Nunna B","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nunna B, et al. Emphysematous gastritis: a lethal complication in a patient with pancreatitis. Cureus 2022;14:e32882.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12779"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000499446"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.9.273"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12691"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1875414701003020024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.02.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"120","article-title":"Detection of different genotypes of Clostridium perfringens in feces of healthy dairy cattle from China using real-time duplex PCR","volume":"31","author":"Wang G","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang G, et al. Detection of different genotypes of Clostridium perfringens in feces of healthy dairy cattle from China using real-time duplex PCR. Pak Vet J 2010;31:120\u2013124.","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Emphysematous gastritis in a horse","volume":"81","author":"Weldon AD","year":"1991","unstructured":"Weldon AD, et al. Emphysematous gastritis in a horse. 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