{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:04:18Z","timestamp":1789398258900,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A 7-y-old American Quarter Horse mare was presented to a veterinary hospital for ongoing reproductive monitoring and management of endometritis. During physical evaluation, several nodular lesions of unknown origin and duration were discovered in the mammae. Histologically, biopsies from the lesions were confirmed as severe granulomatous mastitis with intralesional rhabditid nematodes. A putative diagnosis of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Halicephalobus gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pelodera strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection was assigned, and ivermectin (1.2\u2009mg\/kg PO) treatment was given every 2\u2009wk. When lesions persisted after the initial dose of ivermectin, PCR testing of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">18S<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">28S<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene targets confirmed\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cephalobus cubaensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Given the lack of response after 4 doses of ivermectin and the zoonotic concern, euthanasia was elected. Analysis of sediments of the skin tissues recovered eggs, larvae, and female nematodes with a blunt tail terminating in a mucro and the rhabditid esophagus of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cephalobus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. Spread to the left inguinal lymph node was confirmed.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cephalobus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. is a saprophytic nematode that has very rarely been reported as a cause of verminous mastitis in horses and in a single fatal case of meningoencephalitis in a human. Differentiation between\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. cubaensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                    by histopathology alone is unreliable because of morphologic similarities; molecular identification should be pursued.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387261445943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T06:29:28Z","timestamp":1779258568000},"page":"1073-1080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Verminous mastitis caused by\n                    <i>Cephalobus cubaensis<\/i>\n                    infection in a mare"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0744-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Felipe","family":"Barrantes Murillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"},{"name":"Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Wahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flat River Veterinary Hospital, Rougemont, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Gagliardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andeliene","family":"Croce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Peregrine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Moorhead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn T.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589303000215"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Pelodera strongyloides dermatitis in a horse in Iowa","volume":"71","author":"Farrington DO","year":"1976","unstructured":"Farrington DO, et al. Pelodera strongyloides dermatitis in a horse in Iowa. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1976;71:1199\u20131202.","journal-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2005.01009.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-014-0056-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813274-6.00003-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04089-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283551dbd"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2007.00643.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2006.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.1735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200320"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10020037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"197","article-title":"Soil nematode populations beneath faecal pats from grazing cattle treated with the ivermectin sustained-release bolus or fed the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans to control nematode parasites","volume":"53","author":"Yeates G","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yeates G, et al. Soil nematode populations beneath faecal pats from grazing cattle treated with the ivermectin sustained-release bolus or fed the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans to control nematode parasites. Acta Agric Scand A Anim Sci 2003;53:197\u2013206.","journal-title":"Acta Agric Scand A Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"126","article-title":"Soil nematode populations beneath faeces from reindeer treated with ivermectin","volume":"57","author":"Yeates GW","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yeates GW, et al. Soil nematode populations beneath faeces from reindeer treated with ivermectin. Acta Agric Scand B Soil Plant Sci 2007;57:126\u2013133.","journal-title":"Acta Agric Scand B Soil Plant Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387261445943","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10406387261445943","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387261445943","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:16:57Z","timestamp":1789395417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10406387261445943"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10406387261445943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387261445943","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]}}}