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The cause of SD in a large number of horses remains undetermined, and, in many of these cases, causes are not found by gross or microscopic postmortem examinations. Among the known causes of SD are traumatic injuries, including fractures of skull, neck, and pelvis; intoxications (e.g., anticoagulant rodenticides); and others. For many cases of SD in which no significant lesions are found, heart failure, probably associated with arrhythmias, is suspected. Precise phenotypic characterization of SD in horses is critical for diagnosis and prevention. Standardized gross and microscopic postmortem protocols are needed to discern normal background changes that may be present in healthy horses from significant changes that directly contribute to SD. Here, we review the current knowledge on the pathology of SD in racehorses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387261446570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T09:42:08Z","timestamp":1780134128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pathology of sudden death in racehorses: a review"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6178-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Asin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9763-7432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Diab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5043-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eileen","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davis branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9057-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie B.","family":"Engiles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7851-3039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Schild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davis branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.297"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164054530597"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.v52i4p298-309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01468.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR200353"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714559970"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-5318-4.00011-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14448"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12205"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717700690"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716687004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","article-title":"Comparative cardiac histopathology and toxicology screens in horses succumbing to exercise associated sudden death and control horses","author":"Diab SS","year":"2026","unstructured":"Diab SS, et al Comparative cardiac histopathology and toxicology screens in horses succumbing to exercise associated sudden death and control horses. 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