{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T10:44:53Z","timestamp":1791801893655,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"national institutes of health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10-OD030269 and S10-OD026983"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10-OD030269 and S10-OD026983"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A 23-y-old female rhesus macaque (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Macaca mulatta<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) from a long-term research colony developed progressive clinical decline, with lethargy, nasal discharge, and hematologic abnormalities, including persistent leukocytosis, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia. Despite treatment with enrofloxacin, deterioration led to euthanasia. Autopsy revealed severe vegetative endocarditis of the left atrioventricular (mitral) valve with intralesional gram-positive cocci, confirmed immunohistochemically as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Histologically, disseminated thromboembolic arterial disease was present in the lungs, tracheobronchial lymph node, kidneys, and spleen, with concurrent hepatic central vein thrombosis and coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes, supporting a concurrent hypercoagulable state. A PCR assay of the mitral valve tissue targeting the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene was negative for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (interpreted as a false-negative result), acknowledging the limitation of PCR testing of formalin-fixed tissues caused by DNA damage and fragmentation. The absence of heart-failure cells and pulmonary edema made primary congestive heart failure unlikely and instead supported systemic inflammatory response syndrome with secondary multi-organ ischemic injury as the cause of death. In infective endocarditis, sustained bacteremia and inflammatory mediator release drive endothelial dysfunction, a hypercoagulable state, and widespread microvascular thrombosis, resulting in impaired tissue perfusion and organ failure.\n                    <jats:sup>8,22<\/jats:sup>\n                    Accordingly, the dominant life-threatening process in our case was not mechanical cardiac failure, but disseminated thromboembolic disease and ischemic injury to downstream organs. This pattern is well recognized in both human and veterinary literature; morbidity and mortality in infective endocarditis are frequently driven by septic embolization and systemic complications, rather than intrinsic cardiac dysfunction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387261450493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T12:29:42Z","timestamp":1780057782000},"page":"1288-1295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mitral valve endocarditis\u2013induced thromboembolic and hypercoagulable disease in a rhesus macaque, with a literature review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Aziza","family":"Sattarova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Virology, Immunology &amp; Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aoife K.","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans P.","family":"Gertje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Lisboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolph","family":"Beiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara L.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3873-9188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Crossland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Virology, Immunology &amp; Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1986.189.09.1221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230600809737"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of endotheliopathy and endotheliopathic syndromes, leading to inflammation and microthrombosis, and various hemostatic clinical phenotypes based on \u201ctwo-activation theory of the endothelium\u201d and \u201ctwo-path unifying theory\u201d of hemostasis","volume":"58","author":"Chang JC.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang JC. Molecular pathogenesis of endotheliopathy and endotheliopathic syndromes, leading to inflammation and microthrombosis, and various hemostatic clinical phenotypes based on \u201ctwo-activation theory of the endothelium\u201d and \u201ctwo-path unifying theory\u201d of hemostasis. Medicina (Kaunas) 2022;58:1311.","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19690801-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"479","article-title":"Refinement of vascular access port placement in nonhuman primates: complication rates and outcomes","volume":"60","author":"Graham ML","year":"2010","unstructured":"Graham ML, et al. Refinement of vascular access port placement in nonhuman primates: complication rates and outcomes. 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