{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:34:45Z","timestamp":1792787685653,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Racing Association\u2019s Livestock Promotion Program","award":["2022-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-37"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00v8w0b34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI","award":["25K09433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K09433"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hhkn466","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bovine leukemia virus (BLV; family\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Retroviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , taxon species\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Deltaretrovirus bovleu<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infection poses a serious threat to cattle health, and the strategic identification of high proviral-load (PVL) carriers is essential for disease control. We evaluated 2 commercial ELISA kits for the detection of BLV antibodies and indirect identification of high-PVL cattle (EBL ELISA [Nippon Gene] and Leukosis Serum X2 [Idexx]) using a cross-sectional survey of 155 cattle from 17 farms. Based on our quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) results, we classified tested cattle into non-infected, low-PVL (&lt;400 copies\/10\u2009ng DNA), and high-PVL (\u2265400 copies\/10\u2009ng DNA) groups. The 2 ELISA kits had excellent agreement (\u03ba\u2009=\u20090.97; 95% CI [0.93, 1.00]) and moderate correlation (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.617). In a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the Leukosis Serum X2 ELISA performed better than the EBL ELISA at identifying high-PVL cattle, with a higher area under the curve (0.840 vs. 0.785) and higher sensitivity (89.7% vs. 84.6%) and specificity (66.4% vs. 56.9%). Both ELISA kits had a moderate ability to distinguish high-level BLV-infected cattle. Our results suggest that a 2-step screening concept could be valuable: ELISA screening followed by confirmatory qPCR testing to identify cattle with a high PVL.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387261466243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T08:39:55Z","timestamp":1786610395000},"page":"1396-1400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of 2 commercial antibody ELISA kits for identification of high proviral load carrier cattle in strategic control of bovine leukemia virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Takenori","family":"Arai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan"},{"name":"Miyagi Prefecture Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saki","family":"Uehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonoko","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan"},{"name":"National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takehisa","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan"},{"name":"National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7643-0689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomomi","family":"Kanazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8789-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiko","family":"Yamamoto-Kinami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0884-9258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kei-ichi","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miyagi Prefecture Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Miyagi, Japan"},{"name":"Farm Animal Clinic and Disease Control Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3256-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Matsuzaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan"},{"name":"Farm Animal Clinic and Disease Control Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Hikono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3813-818X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan"},{"name":"Farm Animal Clinic and Disease Control Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.101348"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowther JR. The ELISA Guidebook. [Vol. 149 Methods in Molecular Biology]. Humana Press 2001.","DOI":"10.1385\/1592590497"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-4-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-187"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080987"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"339","article-title":"Proviral detection and serology in bovine leukemia virus-exposed normal cattle and cattle with lymphoma","volume":"56","author":"Jacobs R","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jacobs R, et al. Proviral detection and serology in bovine leukemia virus-exposed normal cattle and cattle with lymphoma. Can J Vet Res 1992;56:339.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.11.1220"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10480"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(94)90018-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13626"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"269","article-title":"Relationship of persistent lymphocytosis, antibody titers, and proviral load with expression of interleukin-12, interferon-\u03b3, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-\u03b2 in cows infected with bovine leukemia virus from a high-prevalence dairy complex","volume":"86","author":"Marin-Flamand E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marin-Flamand E, et al. Relationship of persistent lymphocytosis, antibody titers, and proviral load with expression of interleukin-12, interferon-\u03b3, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-\u03b2 in cows infected with bovine leukemia virus from a high-prevalence dairy complex. Can J Vet Res 2022;86:269\u2013285.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102464"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870501700507"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.1.72"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"778","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect bovine leukemia virus antibodies in bulk-tank milk samples","volume":"57","author":"Nekouei O","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nekouei O, et al. Diagnostic performance of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect bovine leukemia virus antibodies in bulk-tank milk samples. Can Vet J 2016;57:778.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04228-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-16186"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of bovine leukosis: comparison with the agar gel immunodiffusion test approved by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency","volume":"64","author":"Simard C","year":"2000","unstructured":"Simard C, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of bovine leukosis: comparison with the agar gel immunodiffusion test approved by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Can J Vet Res 2000;64:101.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(96)05706-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2016.160501"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"1113","volume-title":"Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals","author":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). Enzootic bovine leukosis. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. WOAH, 2018:1113\u20131124."}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387261466243","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10406387261466243","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10406387261466243","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T09:48:58Z","timestamp":1791798538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10406387261466243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10406387261466243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387261466243","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6387","1943-4936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6387","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]}}}