{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:07:15Z","timestamp":1789031235336,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Spontaneous mammary neoplasms are uncommon in nonhuman primates (NHPs), particularly in neotropical species, and their pathologic aspects and biological behavior remain poorly characterized. Here, we describe the pathology and immunohistochemical features of spontaneous metastatic mammary carcinomas in 2 elderly captive capuchin monkeys (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sapajus libidinosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). A 26-y-old female and a 29-y-old male had unilateral mammary masses and died as a result of complications associated with advanced neoplastic disease. Grossly, both tumors had marked local invasion and systemic metastases involving lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and pericardium. Histologically, both carcinomas were poorly demarcated, infiltrative malignant epithelial proliferations arranged predominantly in solid nests and trabeculae, with central necrosis, marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis, high mitotic activity, and vascular invasion. Immunohistochemically, both tumors expressed pancytokeratin, CK7, mammaglobin, HER2, and Ki67. The female had a triple-positive phenotype (ER+, PR+, HER2 2+), whereas the male had an HER2-enriched profile (ER low or negative, PR\u2212, HER2 3+). Ki67 indices were high in both cases (31% and 35%, respectively), supporting elevated proliferative activity. The immunophenotypic and pathology findings resembled aggressive high-grade human breast carcinomas associated with poor prognosis and metastatic potential. A literature review confirmed the rarity of spontaneous mammary tumors in neotropical NHPs and highlighted the scarcity of cases with metastases. Collectively, our findings expand the current knowledge of mammary neoplasia in NHPs and reinforce the comparative relevance of these species for understanding similar human breast cancer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387261479233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:17:42Z","timestamp":1788585462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spontaneous metastatic mammary carcinomas in 2 capuchin monkeys: pathology and immunohistochemical findings with a brief literature review"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7327-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel L.","family":"Mac\u00eado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology and Forensic Laboratory, University of Bras\u00edlia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6353-6238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liz A.","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology and Forensic Laboratory, University of Bras\u00edlia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8769-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin N.","family":"G. Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology and Forensic Laboratory, University of Bras\u00edlia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6069-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonizete R.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primatology Center, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9872-6669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L.","family":"G. L. Chist\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology and Forensic Laboratory, University of Bras\u00edlia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3996-0856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcio B.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology and Forensic Laboratory, University of Bras\u00edlia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"675","article-title":"Human mammaglobin in breast cancer: a brief review of its clinical utility","volume":"139","author":"Al Joudi FS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al Joudi FS. Human mammaglobin in breast cancer: a brief review of its clinical utility. Indian J Med Res 2014;139:675\u2013685.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252616"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","article-title":"Clinicopathological features and metastatic pattern of triple-positive breast cancer among female patients at a tertiary care hospital","volume":"11","author":"Alzahrani W","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alzahrani W, et al. Clinicopathological features and metastatic pattern of triple-positive breast cancer among female patients at a tertiary care hospital. Cureus 2019;11:e6458.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2015.53964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","article-title":"Cytokeratin expression in breast cancer: from mechanisms, progression, diagnosis, and prognosis to therapeutic implications","volume":"12","author":"Bahadoran E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bahadoran E, et al. Cytokeratin expression in breast cancer: from mechanisms, progression, diagnosis, and prognosis to therapeutic implications. Mol Cell Oncol 2025;12:2526230.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"314","article-title":"Invasive ductular carcinoma in 2 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"64","author":"Beck AP","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beck AP, et al. Invasive ductular carcinoma in 2 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). 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