{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:50:42Z","timestamp":1791442242560,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022282","name":"universidad de ciencias aplicadas y ambientales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01-2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022282","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a transmembrane protein involved in tumor immune evasion. Although widely studied in human oncology, its role in canine mammary carcinoma remains poorly characterized. We quantified\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pd-l1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene mRNA levels by reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), evaluated PD-L1 immunoreactivity by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in canine mammary carcinomas, and tested their association with tumor grade and epidemiologic factors using 96 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples. The mean age of affected dogs was 9.6 y, with Miniature Poodles and mixed-breed dogs most frequently represented. We found no statistically significant associations between\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pd-l1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA levels with histologic subtype or epidemiologic factors. However, PD-L1 immunoreactivity was significantly associated with tumor grade in the bivariate analysis (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p =<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.017; Cramer V = 0.3), supporting the diagnostic value of PD-L1 IHC in canine mammary carcinomas and suggesting its utility as a marker of tumor aggressiveness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387261479705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:50:04Z","timestamp":1790239804000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PD-L1 immunoreactivity and its association with tumor grade in canine mammary carcinomas"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Gina P.","family":"Duarte-Isaza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias Veterinarias, Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1166-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina M.","family":"Mendez-Callejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, and Grupo de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas y de Gen\u00e9tica Humana Aplicada (GIBGA), Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8179-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cruz E.","family":"Enr\u00edquez-Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Zootecnia, and Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Ciencia Animal, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0101-5223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darwin A.","family":"Moreno-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, and Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencia Animal, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7744-2585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Gallego L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, and Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencia Animal, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaf043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12080731"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.05733"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.106055"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.57334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810393258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"727","article-title":"PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway: current researches in cancer","volume":"10","author":"Han Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han Y, et al. PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway: current researches in cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020;10:727\u2013742.","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2013.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098415"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4132\/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.1.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12061386"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052891"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.903065"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","article-title":"PD-L1 expression and tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes as prognostic factors in canine mammary tumors","volume":"3","author":"Silva IKL","year":"2026","unstructured":"Silva IKL, et al. PD-L1 expression and tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes as prognostic factors in canine mammary tumors. Vet Pathol 2026;3:3009858251415320.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810389480"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858211011939"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2754\/avb200574010103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"203","article-title":"Cancer survival statistics in China 2019\u20132021: a multicenter, population-based study","volume":"4","author":"Zeng H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng H, et al. Cancer survival statistics in China 2019\u20132021: a multicenter, population-based study. 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