{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T10:45:01Z","timestamp":1791801901237,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011003","name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PL_27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PL_27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Here, we describe a case of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Exserohilum rostratum<\/jats:italic>\n                    rhinitis in a cow and review the literature on diseases caused by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Exserohilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and dematiaceous fungi historically classified morphologically as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Helminthosporium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Drechslera<\/jats:italic>\n                    , or\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bipolaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    in domestic ruminants. In March 2024, an adult Holstein cow from a dairy herd in Uruguay developed bilateral nodules in the nasal mucosa, resulting in dyspnea, snoring, nasal discharge, and weight loss. Histologically, severe chronic eosinophilic granulomatous rhinitis was found, with giant cells and intra- and extracellular fungi.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Exserohilum rostratum<\/jats:italic>\n                    was identified by PCR and sequencing of the extended 28S rDNA region. Our literature search retrieved ~40 bovine cases in the United States, Australia, South Africa, Namibia, and Uruguay, 1 caprine case in Brazil, and no ovine cases. Clinical signs included chronic dyspnea, stertor, mucopurulent nasal discharge, epistaxis, and weight loss, generally affecting adult beef cattle. The lesions usually affected the nasal mucosa and submucosa, rarely involved the skin or regional lymph nodes, and occasionally were restricted to the skin. Bilateral, raised, 0.1\u20135-cm granulomatous nasal nodules resulted in restriction of airflow. The hallmark microscopic lesion is chronic eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation with giant cells and intralesional fungal structures, including ~5\u201330-\u00b5m, round-to-ovoid chlamydospores and short ~2\u20136-\u00b5m-wide septate hyphae, which may have brown-pigmented walls. Definitive fungal identification requires molecular testing, which is rarely pursued.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387261485968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:25:16Z","timestamp":1790076316000},"page":"1121-1130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Exserohilum rostratum<\/i>\n                    granulomatous rhinitis in a Holstein cow and review of the literature of diseases caused in domestic ruminants by this dematiaceous fungus and its historical synonyms"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Carrillo Parraguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7902-8676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Matto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, Divisi\u00f3n de Laboratorios Veterinarios \u201cMiguel C. Rubino,\u201d Ministerio de Ganader\u00eda, Agricultura y Pesca, Paysand\u00fa, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda de Lourdes","family":"Adrien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Medicina de Rumiantes, Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Paysand\u00fa, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seraf\u00edn","family":"Ceriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Medicina de Rumiantes, Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Paysand\u00fa, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1113-5432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yisell","family":"Perdomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plataforma de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Animal, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental La Estanzuela, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria, Colonia, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany L.","family":"Rivers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lalitha","family":"Gade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana M.","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8799-6848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Giannitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plataforma de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Animal, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental La Estanzuela, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria, Colonia, Uruguay"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Una Salud, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Colonia, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198607000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-006-0093-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1935.tb01083.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"468","article-title":"Maduromycosis of bovine nasal mucosa (nasal granuloma of cattle)","volume":"50","author":"Bridges CH.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Bridges CH. 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Invasive rhinosinusitis by Exserohilum rostratum in an immunocompetent child. 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