{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:46:46Z","timestamp":1792154806814,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008736","name":"Fondo de Fomento al Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11230617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11230617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J VET Diagn Invest"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A 6-y-old postpartum Nubian crossbreed goat was submitted for postmortem examination following a clinical course of ataxia, lateral head tilt, and recumbency. The liver had a poorly defined, pale-yellow focally extensive lesion and focal thickening of bile ducts. Histologically, an area of extensive coagulative necrosis was surrounded by many viable and degranulated neutrophils and gram-positive bacilli, which were identified as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium novyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    by immunohistochemistry. Numerous neutrophilic infiltrates were observed in the brainstem. PCR on DNA extracted from hepatic tissue was positive for the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fliC<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tcna<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tcnb<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. novyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    type B. Additionally, PCR testing of brainstem tissue was positive for the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hlyA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To our knowledge, infectious necrotic hepatitis (INH), confirmed by molecular testing and with concurrent listeriosis, has not been reported previously in a goat. Clostridial hepatitis in animals is typically triggered by anaerobic conditions within the liver parenchyma, which facilitate the germination of dormant spores and the subsequent release of potent toxins. Although flukes were not observed, the presumptive inciting hypoxic event leading to parenchymal necrosis in this case was\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Fasciola hepatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    larval migration. Because the clinical and pathology features of INH caused by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. novyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    type B and bacillary hemoglobinuria caused by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. haemolyticum<\/jats:italic>\n                    are nearly identical, molecular differentiation is essential to establish an accurate etiologic diagnosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387261493971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:51:19Z","timestamp":1791989479000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Infectious necrotic hepatitis caused by\n                    <i>Clostridium novyi<\/i>\n                    type B in a goat with listeriosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Claudia A.","family":"M\u00e1rquez-Fl\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patolog\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile"},{"name":"Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javiera B.","family":"Becker-C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patolog\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7094-0467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliser A.","family":"Mansilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patolog\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7744-8052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio A.","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turlock Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33852-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33851-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2009.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"275","article-title":"Detection of Clostridium novyi type B alpha toxin by cell culture systems","volume":"24","author":"Borrmann E","year":"1999","unstructured":"Borrmann E, Schulze F. Detection of Clostridium novyi type B alpha toxin by cell culture systems. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1999;24:275\u2013280.","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-5318-4.00008-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"345","article-title":"Bacterial protein toxins acting on the cell cytoskeleton","volume":"17","author":"Donelli G","year":"1994","unstructured":"Donelli G, Fiorentini C. Bacterial protein toxins acting on the cell cytoskeleton. New Microbiol 1994;17:345\u2013362.","journal-title":"New Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105553"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2004.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"1473","article-title":"Taxonomic relationships among Clostridium novyi types A and B, Clostridium haemolyticum and Clostridium botulinum type C","volume":"129","author":"Nakamura S","year":"1983","unstructured":"Nakamura S, et al. Taxonomic relationships among Clostridium novyi types A and B, Clostridium haemolyticum and Clostridium botulinum type C. J Gen Microbiol 1983;129:1473\u20131479.","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985816688945"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Clostridial Diseases of Animals","author":"Navarro M","unstructured":"Navarro M, et al. Bacillary hemoglobinuria. In: Uzal FA, et al., eds. Clostridial Diseases of Animals. 2nd ed. Wiley, 2026:369\u2013380.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719886567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"381","volume-title":"Clostridial Diseases of Animals","author":"Navarro M","unstructured":"Navarro M, Uzal FA. Infectious necrotic hepatitis. In: Uzal FA, et al., eds. Clostridial Diseases of Animals. 2nd ed. Wiley, 2026:381\u2013386.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717737125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.41.25173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"849","volume-title":"Large Animal Internal Medicine","author":"Smith GW","unstructured":"Smith GW. Black disease. In: Smith BP, ed. Large Animal Internal Medicine. 5th ed. 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